Urban Form Flashcards
What Is Urban Form?
The physical shape and land use patterns of the city.
How Do Physical Factors Affect Urban Form?
Topography - hills - restrict development e.g. Rio - Tijuca National Park - elongated and built upon coastline. Whilst flat land is much more circular such as in London.
Water - restrict growth patterns like urban sprawl e.g. New York - Manhattan - “vertical growth”. Also influences land use patterns - industry on coast/river in NYC - transport of goods.
Resources - location of city + industry within - Northern England has a lot of shipbuilding - need steel holds - river - access to coal. Closer means less transportation costs.
How Do Human Factors Affect Urban Form?
Technology - e.g. land reclamation - constructing artificial land e.g. Kobe, Japan. Coastal - airport/industry.
Infrastructure - location of land uses - e.g. industry needs transport links + water supplies. Residential needs employment/leisure. E.g. arterial roads (centre - outwards) London - residential - outskirts.
Economics - distance from CBD - land value decreased - distance decay - centre - big businesses followed by industry - requires lots of land - outskirts - lower costs.
What Are The Models Of Urban Form?
Burgess Concentric Model
Hoyt Sector Model
Harris and Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model
Vance Urban Realms Model
Waugh Developing City Model
Where Are World Cities?
Majority - HICS - Europe + N America. Also been an increase in NEEs like Mexico City/Jakarta in Indonesia.
What Makes A World City?
Mega Cities - tend to be in countries where there was high industrialisation or where it is happening now - increased urban wealth - increased inequality - increased inequality - increased rural - urban migration.
Urban wealth used to invest in tech - internet/transport also in rural tech e.g. mechanisation - increased crop yield - decreased employment - increased rural - urban migration.
How Does Globalisation Make A World City?
Leads to ^ competition - 1 skill set, 1 costs, ^ infrastructure, ^ economies of scale - ^ against other countries - gave London + NY head start - “elite migration” - highest skilled/wealthier move e.g. 35% of migrants to UK go to London only, 42% capital flows - London - attracts migrants due to educational/economic opportunity.
New York - A World City
New York - high tech manufacturing e.g. covid vaccines.
Also transports most capital around the world - $26 billion. ^Knowledge economy - rs+dev - Pfizer vaccine.
Centre of global governance - UN in NY.
Highest proportion of skilled workers in the world.
What Are The Land Use Patterns Of HIC Cities?
Most expensive land within centre of city - value 1 as distance to centre ^.
“Distance decay” - goes from retail - manufacturing - residential.
Piccadilly Circus - most expensive in London (centre) - cheaper on outskirts.
1$land - outskirts - ^investment into region e.g. LDDC - Canary Wharf - “secondary peak” - ^$land value.
What Is Mixed Used Development?
Multiple land use - same area - e.g. King’s Cross - urban regen strategy - 1$value - urban decline - inner city industrial.
King’s Cross - Gasholders by station - now have more expensive retail e.g. “Coal Drops” - retail - “Paul Smith” - mix use - people on Eurostar - richer - likely to buy retail.
Google HQ - outside King’s Cross - convenient - less transportation - also near expensive apartments - 900,000 2 bedroom flat.
What Is Urban Quarter Redevelopment?
UQ = area of city known for specific industry - research, cotton, jewellery etc.
Goal of redevelopment - use history/identity - create a brand e.g. Ancoats - “Little Italy” - “Cottonolopis” - ^$ value - affluent people/business. Retainment of history - people know Ancoats for that - business set up there - successful.
What Are The Causes Of Gentrification?
Rent gap - urban decline - $land value vs expected - area becomes more attractive e.g. Shoreditch/Bricklane.
Convenience - 1 commuter times - ^productivity + 1 risk of Covid for example - affluent people - inner city - improve.
What Are The Positive Impacts Of Gentrification?
Services - better access to them e.g. retail - Ben Sherman - before used to be a warehouse.
Incomes - increase due to arrival of investors - Old Street - “East London Tech City/Silicon Roundabout”.
Environment - Hoxton Square - used to be a derelict area - now much more attractive - green space.
What Are The Negative Impacts Of Gentrification?
Inequality - “Overheating” - ^prices due to ^ investment and ^ affluent people moving in - outsiders - marginalises /excludes older people, lower incomes, less educated.
Character - “Red Gallery” - bar - however conflict between these areas + wealthy businesses due to noise, drunk etc - council shutting them down or get priced out due to rent - council aim to attract businesses.
