urban featuees Flashcards
Why does more than half of the world’s population live in urban areas?
People don’t need to farm anymore so can do other jobs.
People move to cities for reasons such as better jobs, transport, healthcare, education and clean sanitation.
Urban Growth rates in ACs
- The most sustained period of urban growth took place during the Industrial Revolution.
- Cities in Europe and North America reached the peak of their growth in the 1950s or earlier.
- The baby boom following WW2 and the building of new houses led to urban sprawl.
- Most ACs now have populations that are more than 70% urban.
Urban Growth rates in EDCs and LIDCs
- Urbanisation is happening fastest in poorer countries
- Economic development in urban areas has driven rural-urban migration.
- Many of these migrants have children – high rates of natural growth in cities.
whats is a world city + what do they have?
World city: a city which is considered important to the global economy i.e. New York or Tokyo. They often
have:
• Headquarters if international companies
• Important Port facilities
• Cultural opportunities
• High standard of University Education
what is a mega city and how do they grow?
Megacity: a city with a population of over 10 million people.
Megacities grow through a combination of rural to urban migration, natural increase and international
migration
urbanisation and megacity
The richer a country the higher the levels of urbanisation e.g. the UK has 80% of its
population living in urban areas. Over time there have been a significant rise in the number
of megacities. The majority of these have been in EDC countries in Asia.
This is due to high natural increase and rural to urban migration.
what causes urbanisation in LIDC/EDC
1) Rural-Urban Migration
People leave the countryside for a number of reasons: lack of safety/war/droughts/
People are attracted to towns and cities because of what they offer: safer/betterlife/better education/healthcare/more jobs
1) Internal Growth Deaths < Births = Internal Growth
What are the consequences of urbanisation in LIDCs?
One of the main consequences of rural to urban migration in LIDCs in the growth of informal settlements
(slum/favela). A slum is an informal squatter settlement, where poor migrants make their own homes.
more on rg
CS: MUMBAI (EDC)
describe the LOCATION of Mumbai
Location:
Mumbai is located in the India in the continent of Asia. It is between the equator and the tropic of cancer.
It is on the western coast to the east of the Arabian sea and it is in the state of Maharashtra.
why is Mumbai important (region)
[hinterland-Maharashtra]
MIGRATION:
Rural to urban migration from
Maharashtra.
TRADE: Farmers grow their produce such as rice and vegetable in the rural areas and sell them in Mumbai.
why is Mumbai IMPORTANT (nationally)
[India]
Trade:
Mumbai is the commercial
capital of India.
Along with Delhi, Mumbai is
the centre for manufacturing
industry in the country.
Mumbai has the HQs of many TNC companies located there such as reliance group meaning that it boosts the economy for India.
why is Mumbai IMPORTANT (internationally)
[other courtries]
Bollywood:
Hindi cinema (Bollywood) is the Indian film
industry, based in the city of Mumbai.
It is one of the largest centres of film production
in the world.
Commerce (buying and selling)
Mumbai is one of the world’s top 10 centres of
commerce in terms of global financial flow.
Multinational companies; BT invest in
Mumbai, outsourcing their work such as call
centres, to hire manpower and natural resources
of India. Other companies such as Suzuki, Toyota
and Canon have also invested in Mumbai.
Trade:
Mumbai exports goods such as pharmaceuticals,
textiles and gems through the port of Mumbai to
places such as Singapore, NYC and Hong Kong
what is causing mumbai to grow rapidly?
migration
how Migration is causing Mumbai to grow rapidly
The city of Mumbai has grown over time due to its LOCATION ON THE COAST. It developed as a Port, which meant that it became a CENTRE FOR INDUSTRY AND TRADE. Today, the city continues to grow largely due to RURAL URBAN MIGRATION
what is RURAL URBAN MIGRATION
the movement of people from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (built up e.g.
the city).
[This is an example of National Migration, with the majority of migrants coming from within the
state of Maharashtra]
COUSINE
WAYS OF LIFE IN EDC: MUMBAI
people are very passionate about their local cuisines. Since the city is so diverse, a lot of cuisines
have been adopted and transformed into mouthwatering dishes that are now considered unique to
Mumbai. Mumbai is famous for its street food such as Vada Pav, Chakli, and Bhel Puri.
BOLLYWOOD
EDC: MUMBAI WAYS OF LIFE
recently, the Bollywood Industry completed its centenary. Bollywood is considered to be
a very important entertainment in this city.
HOUSING : RICH
EDC:MUMBAI WAYS OF LIFE
The very rich live in tower blocks. This is
because there is not much space in Mumbai so
people have to build upwards.
therse tower blocks have excellent facilities such as includes things such as helipads, 6
floors for parking and a number of swimming and gyms and etc.
pools.
The billioner Mukesh Ambani built a 27 storey tower bloc house.
HOUSING : POOR
EDC: MUMBAI
[include sweet and slum dwellers]
Street Dwellers
• The poorest are unable to afford to live in the slums so
they live on the streets.
• There are 30,000 families of street dwellers.
• no access to water, electricity and toilets.
Slum Dwellers
• Half of the population of Mumbai live in slums such as
Dharavi.
• They live in homes made of cheap materials.
• Some live on top of rubbish dumps.
• They have some access to water and electricity(unreliable water)
• 1 toilet per 500 people.
- 4.000 causes a day of sickness
what are different types of schools in mumbai?
state, private, slum
There are different types of schools in Mumbai:
1) State schools: lack resources, teachers are less committed due to lower pay
2) Private schools (run by trusts or individuals) where students have to pay to go there (£500 a year)
3) Schools in the slums free although overcrowded and not enough places SO parents have to pay OR
their children don’t go to school
There are also Universities e.g. University of Mumbai & Indian Institute of Technology (focus on I.T.)
edc ways of life
PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN MUMBAI
• A popular option. 30% of parents send their
children to private school.
• Range in price from approx. £600/year.
• Excellent facilities i.e. access to books,
computers, sports facilities.
• They teach a broad range of subjects i.e.
Maths, Literacy English, Geography,
History, PE, DT, Different languages etc…
• Students are in school all day from 8.30-
3.30.
• Well qualified and well paid teachers.
+ different rooms for different subjects
edc ways of life
SLUMS SCHOOLS IN MUMBAI
• Students travel long distances to get to schoolthere are not very many.
• Very high attendance- education is seen as the
most important way to improve their lives.
• Large class sizes- 35 in each class.
• Learn literacy and maths – only 2 subjects.
• 2 sessions per day. Some students go in the
morning and some go in the afternoon.
• Many students leave school early i.e. 13 or 14 to go
and find permanent work.
• Very few resources i.e. exercise books/ text books.
+ poorly trained teachers
+ no uniform
+metal walls
what is RAPID URBANISATION
Rapid urbanisation can lead to issues such as poor housing conditions/ traffic and congestion and waste disposal.
CHALLEGEN IN EDC: POOR HOUSING CONDITION (mumbai)
+what caused
Poor housing conditions
• Poorly built from cheap materials
• Lack of water sources- only 2 hours a day.
• Lots of rubbish- no rubbish collection.
• 300-500 people share each toilet.
This is caused by overcrowding due to lots of rural to urban migration. Many of the migrants are poor and so people
are unable to afford the very high house prices in Mumbai so they end up in the slums.
CHALLANGE IN MUMBAI EDC
TRAFFIC AND CONGECTIONS +causes
.• There is a big problem with traffic and congestion.
• Lots of road users including cars, cyclists, cycle rickshaws and motorcycles.
• High pollution levels.
This is because people in Mumbai are earning more money so they are buying cars. Many people are buying cars
with large engines which produce more pollution.
Due to overcrowding Public transport systems are overstretched and busy. So commuters would rather drive.
World’s cheapest car (Nano by Tata Group in 2008) is available at the cost of £1300 only so more affordability means
more cars on the road.
EDC MUMBAI CHALLENGE
WASTE DISPOSAL +CAUSES
Waste disposal
Of the 9,400 tonnes of trash that Mumbai sends daily to its dumping grounds , 73% comprises food, vegetable and
fruit waste. Most of this could be recycled.
The wastes causes challenges such as:
• Health hazards because it is a breeding ground for mosquitoes, flies, and rodents, which are carriers
for disease-causing pathogens.
• Causes air pollution, ground water pollution and soil pollution affecting the fragile ecosystem
whats is SF: VISION MUMBAI
A government project to improve living conditions in Mumbai. It includes:
- Replacing slums with high quality high rise building
- Improve services; schools, health centres, shops, infrastructure, jobs
WHY SF:VISION MUMBAI HAPPENING?
Why is it happening?
• Building high rise flats to provide homes for the growing population
• To address the Housing crisis by providing better standards of homes (water, sanitation & electricity)
• Improve image of the city so it attracts tourists
social ADVANTAGES of VISION MUMBAI
-Provides homes from the growing
population.
-Many people from Dharavi will be given a
flat with a water supply and toilet. This will
reduce the spread of disease.
-Concrete walls are water tight so people
won’t get wet – this is particularly
important during the monsoon season.
social DISADVANTAGES for VISION MUMBAI
Flats are small (3m by 3m) so
overcrowding and lack of space are
still an issue
Only residents who have lived in
Dharavi since before 2000 will be
offered a flat on the ground floor.
People who arrived in Dharavi after
2000 will be homeles
economic ADVANTAGES for VISION MUMBAI
-500,000 jobs in building, retail, tourism and
recreation
-Remove of slum will improve image of city and
so help attract investment through business/ tourists
economic DISADVANTAGES for VISION MUMBAI
Residents have to pay rent so not
everyone will be able to afford to
live there
+2$ BILLION to complete
economic DISADVANTAGES for VISION MUMBAI
Residents have to pay rent so not
everyone will be able to afford to
live there
+2$ BILLION to complete
environmental ADVANATGES for VISION MUMBAI
The waste and rubbish in the slum will be
removed
+ improve transport leading more tourists to be attracted
+more green space
+cleaner environment
environmental DISADVANTAGES for VISION mumbai
Sunlight cannot reach the ground
between the block so flor will not
be able to grow.
pollution/noise
what are the CAUSES/CONSEQUENCES OF URBANISATION IN AC?
1) SUBURBANISATION
2) COUNTER-URBANISATION
3) RE-URBANISATION
AC: CAUSES AND CONSWEQUENCES OF
SUBURBANISATION
CAUSES: • High population density and congestion in city centres • Pollution from industry and car traffic • Cheaper land and house prices further from the city centre • The idea that quality of life is better closer to the countryside
CONSEQUENCES:
• Urban sprawl- cities expanded.
• Inner city areas became derelict
and deserted
AC: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
COUNTER-UBERNISATION
CAUSES:
• Urban sprawl- cities expanded.
• Inner city areas became derelict
and deserted
CONSEQUENCES:
• Urban areas become neglected and
deteriorated.
AC: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
REURBANISATION
CAUSES: • People want to move back into the cities for the improved housing and transport • A greater choice of jobs.
CONSEQUENCES: • Derelict buildings are brought back into use • New homes built on brownfield sites • Quality of urban environments has improved due to investment.
WHERE IS BIRMINGHAM LOCATED?
Birmingham is located in the UK. It is in the midlands. It is located inland. It is to the north west of London and to the SOUTH of MANCHESTER and the SOUTH EAST OF LIVERPOOL.
Birmingham is south of the M6.
why did irish poeple MIGRATED from IRELAND TO BIRMINGHAM
Ireland is close to the UK and used to be a lot poorer so people moved to the UK and Birmingham in search of better jobs
why did UE migrated to BIRMINGHAM?
Migrants from countries such as Poland and Lithuania came to the UK in search of
jobs. They came because the EU expanded in 2004 meaning they could easily live
and work in the UK. The wages in the UK are 4 times higher than in their home
countries
WHY DID SYRIA MIGRATED TO BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham has agreed to take 500 Syrian refugees in 2016. People are fleeing Syria
as there has been lots of fighting there recently.
WOL: AC: ETHNICITY
Ethnicity varies within Birmingham. Closer to the city centre there are far higher rates of ethnic minorities. There are
over 60% in wards such as Sparkbrook. This is due to ethnic communities already being established in these areas so
people can access food shops, religious centres and community groups. For recent arrivals the lower house prices
and job opportunities nearby make it an attractive prospect. However, as you travel further away from the city centre the percentage of ethnic minority groups decreases. Less than 10% of people living in Sutton Four Oaks are
from ethnic minority groups
WOL: HOUSING :AC
SPARKBROOK
DEPRIVE.
• Densely packed • Small terraced houses and flats • Noisy • Poor quality physical environmentlitter. • Mostly rented accommodation • Poor quality housing • High crime rates • Lack of access to high quality education and healthcare
WOL: HOUSING: AC
SUTTON FOUR OAKS
AFFLUENT.
- Houses are away from the main roads.
- Close to the train station and motorway
- Schools are all excellent.
- Quiet
- V large houses with big gardens.
- Close to parks.
- Very expensive. One street has average house price of 1.3£ million
what challenges does birmingham face?
inequality
lack of access services
housing
unemployment
CHALLENGES IN BH : INEQUALITY
fewer jobs oppurtuny which means higher rate of unemployment which leads to low-income -> resulting with child poverty = low level of education
CHALLENGED IN BH: LACK OF ACCESS TO SERVICE
more difficult to access services in deprivated areas
- so school have lower results
- health care are busy so bad healthcare
- less access to transport link
CHALLENGES IN BH: UNEMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING
high level of unemployment means low income
so lower quality of life which means people have to live in low quality life so people have to live in low quality houses, most of the houses are rented to the landlord may ignore problems of the houses such as DUMP AND POOR INSULATORS which could lead to poor health.
A sustainable Future: Birmingham ‘ A green City’
aim?
Birmingham aims to reduce the amount of resources it consumes and the amount of carbon emissions it produces.
Sustainable Building: Birmingham Library ECONOMICS
2.5 million visitors per
year/ they spend money
in the city.
Employed over 250
people during
construction
Sustainable Building: Birmingham Library
SOCIAL
Reduced unemployment
in local areas.
Helped raise educational
achievement.
Sustainable Building: Birmingham Library ENVIROMENTAL
Uses rainwater and recycles water.
Roof garden- wildlife and biodiversity
Recycled 95% of waste materials from the site
during construction.
More sustainable transport links and cycle
storage
Minimises carbon emissions by using energy
efficient heating and cooling systems.
The Future of Urbanisation
-opportunity from urbanisation-
improved quality life longer life expectancy employment opportunities squatter settlement sustainability
The Future of Urbanisation
-challenges of urbanisation
inequality segregation slums overpopulation environmental damage
