Urban Environments (6.1-6.3) Flashcards
Covers urban environments and issues around them. Paper 2 (Human Geography) Section A (Urban Environments)
1
Q
Urbanisation
A
Process whereby an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns in cities, resulting in their growth and the economy depending increasingly on manufacturing and providing services.
2
Q
Common features of urban areas (4)
A
- Economies based mainly on manufacturing and services rather than agriculture
- Larger in population than rural areas
- High density of people and buildings
- Busy way of life
3
Q
State some push factors away from rural areas for those in developing countries
A
- Difficult to improve one’s standard of living beyond basic sustenance
- Farm living dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions and in times of drought, flood etc survival is difficult
- Farms becoming mechanised puts many out of work so forced to leave and try to find employment
- Little education/specialised services available
- Disease may be rife
- Government not supportive of those in rural areas
4
Q
State some pull factors to urban areas for those in developing countries
A
- Government often offer people living in slums of cities eg Rio de Janeiro the chance to improve their own living conditions
- There are good basic services eg big hospitals and schools and other specialised services in city
- Big city appeal- rich people live there, wealthy city, good night-life
- Higher wages available in more lucrative/range of sectors eg manufacturing (better jobs)
- Fortune can be made + social mobility possible
- High populations -> more diverse social opportunities -> find your community
- Old people move to cities to find speicalised hospitals etc to cater to health needs
5
Q
Why is rate of urbanisation much slower in developed countries?
A
In developed countries, a large proportion of the population already lives in towns and cities.
But the built-up areas of towns and cities continue to grow.
Due to modern transport and communcation the urban way of life spreading into rural areas- countryside and settlements experiencing rural dilution.
6
Q
Suburbanisation simple definition
A
the growth of areas on the fringes of cities.
7
Q
Suburbanisation explained
A
- Typically areas of low density development
- However as rural space is being eroded by urbanisation today governments keen to make more use of suburbs
- Vacant, open building plots and open spaces being developed and large detatched houses replaced by flats and maisonettes
- Suburbs no longer protected just as residential areas
- Shops and other services located in suburbs
- Non-residential land use increases with construction of business and retail parks, universities etc
- local service centres and high streets upgraded so suburban denisities now raised to urban levels
8
Q
Push factors from cities causing suburbanisation
A
Congestion of cities
Population density of cities
Pollution due to industry and high traffic
High housing prices
Lower quality of life in cities
9
Q
Pull factors to suburbs causing suburbanisation
A
Lower land prices
More open space/closer to nature
Improvements in transport so easy movement from suburbs to city centre
Lower crime rate
Less pollution
10
Q
In Us where do more poeple live citeis or suburbs
A
Suburbs
11
Q
Counter-urbanisation
A
Migration of people from major urban areas to rural ones
12
Q
Causes of counter-urbanisation
A
- Good-quality housing in villages
- M3/A3 gives easy access to London & South Coast so easy commute
- Employment opportunities including Surry Research park home to IT and space centered business
- Social reasons eg people believe countryside is more suitable for families or have friends there
- Rural areas unpolluted and offer greater space and community spirit
- Out-of-town industrial and business parks make it easier to shop
- Improvements in rural transport infrastructure and increased car ownership means you can commute to work
- growth in telecommunications means can work from home
- small villages eg Lightwater and Chobham have excellent schools and beautiful scenery
13
Q
Consequences of counter urbanisation
A
- house prices pushed up as migrants sell expensive city properties and earn higher city wages so young people leave village as they cannot afford a house
- public transport goes into decline because new residents are car owners, big problem for people without their own transport eg elderly
- traditional rural services begin to close as new population reliant on services of urban environment eg supermarket. Means loss of livelihood for rural shop owners
- Shops and services must change to meet needs of new population eg pub becomes restauranat
- as large percentage of migrants commuting to work, traffic congestion increases. Problem exacerbated by fact that they will be driving on narrow country roads
14
Q
Megacity
A
city that contains over 10 million people
15
Q
Name 5 megacities
A
- tokyo
- Shanghai
- sao paulo
- mexico city
- cairo
16
Q
Are there more megacities in LICs or HICs?
A
LICs (in 2000 only 2 of the top 10 cities in HICs)
17
Q
What are the world cities?
A
Tokyo
London
New York
18
Q
Explain in terms of economic development why cities develop into megacities
A
- Economic growth drives urbanisation
- Growth of secondary and tertiary sectors
19
Q
Explain in terms of population growth why cities develop into megacities
A
- Economic growth requires an increasing supply of labour
- Demand for more workers can be met either by natural increase or rural-urban migration
- Young people are drawn to the ‘buzz’ of cities
20
Q
Explain in terms of economies of scale why cities develop into megacities
A
- There are advantages to concentrating services into a small number of megacities
- This is because distances within a megacity are less than distances between a number of smaller cities
- Financial savings are made eg in terms of transport and communication
21
Q
Explain in terms of the multiplier effect why cities develop into megacities
A
- Once a large city is prospering, it gathers momentum which helps it grow and become even more prosperous
- There are more jobs, so more people move into the city, which means more poeple require goods/services
- This creates more jobs and so the cycle goes on
22
Q
Describe the distributions of megacities before and after 1975 across the globe (4 marks)
A
Before 1975, the megacities were mostly in north and south america with one in asia. Also, half were in HICs. After 1975, almost all megacities eg Shanghai and mumbai are in LICs such as India. Only 2 new ones are in HICs. Megacities after 1975 are concentrated in Asia (more than 50% are now in that continent)
23
Q
Problems with rapid urbanisation
A
- Housing
- Traffic congestion and transport
- Access to water and electricity
- Health
- Employment
- Pollution, traffic, noise and waste
- Crime
24
Q
Explain housing as a problem with rapid urbanisation
A
Rapid growth in cities means that demand for housing cannot meet supply, especially given that generally the migrants want low-cost housing.
Millions live in shanty towns/squatter settlements
Even if you have money housing demand exceeds supply and as a result housing is expensive relative to wages
In general due to poor transport most sought after housing is in city centre
25
Explain traffic congestion and transport as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Provision of proper roads and public transport is another aspect of city life that lags behind the growth in population
As a result transport systems are overloaded and overcrowded and traffic congestion is a major problem for all, wealthy or poor.
High numbers of vehicles also cause high levels of atmospheric pollution in cities eg smog
26
Explain access to water and electricity as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Often provision of basic services does not keep up with population growth.
As a consequence, not all parts of a built-up area will be provided with running water, sanitation or electricity
Many people rely on fires for cooking and lighting and on polluted streams for water and sewage disposal
27
Explain health as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Often there are not enough doctors, clinics or hospitals to deal with the rapid increase in population.
When large parts of a mushrooming city have little to no access to clean water or sanitation, diseases and infections eg typhoid and chloera spread quickly.
Atmospheric pollution leads to widespread breathing problems.
28
Explain employment as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Although people are attracted to cities for work, many are unable to find proper paid work in the formal sector.
Instead, they are either unemployed or become a part of the massive informal sector, surviving as best they can.
This includes selling goods on the street, working as a cleaner or shoe-shiner, cooking and selling food from home or by the roadside.
Even where there is paid work in new factories, these are often many kilometres away from where the newomers live
29
Explain pollution, traffic noise and waste as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Traffic, indsutry and housing are among the worst polluters of air and water
But there is also noise pollution (eg from road traffic, canned music in public places) and visual pollution (eg unsightly advertising, graffiti)
Cities produce large quantitites of waste and waste disposal is another cause of environmental pollution
Also a spreading urban area causes environmental damage to the surrounding countryside
30
Explain crime as a problem with rapid urbanisation
Given the crowded and unpleasant environment in which so many city dwellers live, it is not surprising that they also suffer from high crime rates.
Murder, rape and robbery are three common crimes.
The poorest areas are often inhabited by violent street gangs involved in drug trafficking
31
Benefits of rapid/general urbanisation
Specialised services = multiplier effect
Human rights
Living conditions
concentration of industry
Local government
Family-owned business
32
Explain specialised services as a benefit of rapid/general urbanisation
Once a particular city reaches a certain size, it gains the threshold population needed for certain services eg hospitals or sports stadiums to be built.
In turn this creates more jobs and attracts more migrants
Known as multiplier effect
33
34
Explain living conditions as a benefit of rapid/general urbanisation
Although recent arrivals in the city may live in poor conditions, these living conditions may be an immediate improvement on life in the countryside they have left behind.
35
Explain concentration of industry as a benefit of rapid/general urbanisation
Urbanisation allows a concentration of industry and finance where there is both a ready market and access to external markets and labour.
36
Explain local government as a benefit of rapid/general urbanisation
Potential for strong local government based in grass-roots organisations of shanty towns which, if respected by national governments, can be very advantageous eg the Chawls of Bombay
37
Explain family-owned business/cottage idustries as a benefit of rapid/general urbanisation
Small family-owned businesses located in shanty towns allow close interaction of houshold and informal economies so people are more able to make a living
38
Dual city
City whereby there are two categories of people: a highly paid elite versus the low paid, low skilled jobs typical of both formal sector manufacturing jobs and the informal sector and this gap is widening
39
Why do land use patterns exist?
The main reason why urban areas are divided into different zones of use is due to the urban land market.
As with any item, a particular site within the built up area will normally be sold to the highest bidder.
The highest bidder will be the activity that can mkae best use of a site (usually retail shops can make best financial use)
40
Land values explained
Land values generally decline outwards from the centre.
however relatively high land values are also found along major roads leading from the centre and around ring roads.
Small land value peaks occur where radial and ring roads cross each other
Businesses pay extra for sites in these location because they have good accessibility
41
Locational needs and accessibility why agglomeration
Similar activites or land uses come together because they have the same locational needs (these may be large amounts of space or being accessible to customers and employees) and they can afford the same level of land values
42
Name some economic challenges facing developed cities
Deindustrialisation
Globalisation
service provision
43
Explain deindustrialisation and globalisation as economic challenges facing developed cities
It is more efficient and effective for industries to move to developing and emerging countries where labour and materials are cheaper and there are less regulations on health and safety so it is generally cheaper (globalisation).
This leads to deindustralisation in developed countries. However, this leaves former manufacturing workers in developed cities with the wrong skills and they cannot find jobs as the remaining employment requires skills they do not have.
These are often former factory workers in the inner city, causing unemployment, poverty and deprivation there.
This means they need government benefits etc and often leads to issues eg alcoholism
44
Name some social challenges facing developed cities
Social services and housing
Poverty and deprivation
Ethnic segregation
Quality of life
Ageing population
Terrorism and crime
45
Name some environmental challenges facing developed cities
Ecological footprint
Pollution and waste disposal
Resources: energy, land, water
Green space
Hazard risk
Sustainability
46
What are inner cities like? 3
Areas of decline in terms of population and employment
Areas of deprivation ie they are rundown, poor environmental conditions, unemployment is high
Areas of collective despair ie people cannot help themselves and little is done to change things
47
Why has the inner city declined in 6 steps
- Factories close and businesses move out to suburbs and rural-urban fringe
- Unemployment
- shops and services close. Retail moves to suburbs
- Further unemployment
- Migration and poverty. People move out to suburbs
- Decline
48
What is deprivation in developed cities definition
When a person's wellbeing falls below a level generally thought of as an acceptable minimum
49
Index of Multiple Deprivation meaning
Index developed to assess level of deprivation across whole country
50
IMD qualities of life indicators (7)
- Income
- Employment
- Health
- Education
- Access to housing and services
- Crime
- Living environment
51
Where are the highest levels of deprivation in England?
Mostly inner city because cheapest housing is here so poverty will be concentrated here
52
Highest levels of deprivation in London?
East London
Inner city
Also edge city locations eg Croydon + Southall
53
List some social consequences of inner city deprivation
- Poor health and malnutrition
- High levels of crime
- Poor housing conditions
- Urban decay
- Lack of open space
- Overcrowding
- Few people can afford own home (socio-economic)
- High unemployment (socio-economic)
- Segregation
54
List some economic consequences of inner city deprivation
- Loss of business
- Poverty (food, money, fuel)
- Few people can afford their own home
- High unemployment
55
List some environmental consequences of inner city deprivation
Derelict buildings
Urban decay
Lack of open space
air pollution
56
Ethnic segregation
Where different ethnic groups congregate in certain areas of the city
57
List some of the challenges created by having multiple ethnic groups in london
Not able to speak english:
- difficult to access some services eg medical advice or education
- may struggle to get a job -> lower income -> worse quality of housing
Lack of integration into community- women particularly tend to stay at home so never learn English so feel isolated from wider community.
If large influx of one particular ethnic group into an area, people of other groups tend to move away so reduce ethnic diversity
Different ethnic cultures can clash and racial tensions build leading to violence and crime
58
Socio-economic segregation definition
Where people are separated due to factors eg wealth and income
59
Explain socio-economic segregation
Usually comes down to income eg more affluent groups can afford better housing and more deprived income groups have far more limited options.
Forced to occupy what they can afford: in most cases overcrowded and possibly poorly maintained rented houses, often in inner city.
Leads to other problems eg health
60
Figures on deprivation
- 16% of Londoners in poorest tenth nationally
- 17% of Londoners in richest tenth nationally
- Richest 10% of people in London have 60% of all assets, whilst poorest 80% share just 20% of all asset wealth in london.
- In 2020 28% of Londoners (2.5 million people) lived in poverty
- huge diff in wealth cause diff in acccess to and success within housing, education, health and employment
61
Housing (issue w london)
Housing prices and rents higher in london than any other part of country
More people rent rather than own their house in London and those that rent pay more than half their weekly salary in rent
Average London house price wenit above £667,000 in 2020 as opposed to national average £232,000
Huge gap: some people in most expensive properties in world, some people in poor quality small rented accommodation.
62
Education london
Children across London do not get equal exam grades
But some of schools in London's poorest boroughs are amongst fastest improving schools in the country
Generally schools in poorest areas score lowest number of gcse points per pupil
63
Health London
People in wealthy areas tend to live longer than those in poorer areas of London
Census 2011 showed that % of people reporting themselves as in 'not good health' was also highest in areas of lowest income
64
Employment London
Despite huge wealth found in London unemployment remains a major issue
London's employment rate was just 75.7% in 2020, similar to average of 75.6% in the UK
The unemployment rate was 5.3% compared with 4.8% for the UK in 2023
65
Figures food London
- 400,000 children in London experience food insecurity
- 1 in 5 Londoners experience food insecurity
- 1.5 million rely on food banks
- Only 55% of food eaten in the UK is domestically produced -> high food miles -> large emissions of CO2 and methane -> pollution
- 890,000 tonnes of food thrown away per year in London, 540,000 of which is avoidable
- 50% of Londoners are obese or overweight
66
Which place is worst affected by food london case study
Newton and Croydon both have around 10,000 children in food poverty.
62% of people in Hillingdon are obese
67
Figures transport London
- 3 million Londoners use the london underground per day, and many more use buses
- The expected population increase in coming years will therefore put more pressure on public transport
- Among poorest 10% in Britain, car ownership is 18% in London vs 25% nationally
- 4000 deaths per year due to air pollution
- 2 million Londoners live in areas of pollution above international pollution limits
68
Resource consumption figures London
- Londoners use more than 2.6 billion litres of water per day
- Londoners each on average consume 20 litres more of water than the national average per day- 149 litres
- London is the most expensive place in the world to live
- London will incur £9.3 billion from traffic congestion by 2030
- London's ecological footprint is 6.6 global hectares per person. World average is 2.5 hga
69
What areas use most water in London?
West End and West London
70
Waste London figures
London generates 20 million tonnes of waste per year
1/4 of waste goes to landfill costing a whopping £260 million per year
Methane from food decay adds 46,000 tonnes of gas to atmosphere per year
Only steel, aluminium and glass is recyceled in the Uk
The rest is sent abroad eg to indonesia
71
Energy London figures
Transport energy uses fossil fuels and electricity which is overconsumed due to overuse of personal transport
11.1 billion pounds per year is spent on fuel
85% of people use gas boilers to heat their homes
404,000 homes in london live in fuel poverty (11.9% of people)
1000 per year die from lack of heating
72
Gentrification
When lower socio-economic groups are replaced by more affluent individuals who improve their own homes
Areas likely to undergo this usually have advantages eg park or proximity to a station/transport
73
Age reason for segregation
Young people rent small flats, families w children need more space so largest properties they can afford, old people trade down to smaller property
74
External factors encouraging ethnic segregation in cities
- Discrimination in job market: ethnic minorities more likely to be unemployed and in low incomes forcing them into areas of cheap housing
- Discrimination by house sellers, estate agents, financial institutionis, private landlords and state housing agencies
- Protection against racist abuse and attacks from members of majority population (fear of racially motivated violence)
- Social hostility from majority population
75
Internal factors encouraging ethnic segregation in cities
- Increasing political power and influence in local area
- Providing strong power base for militant groups to set up to fight on behalf of ethnic minority
- Allowing more opportunities to use native language
- Migration of majority population out of an area into which minority population is moving
- Providing mutual support eg via families, community organisations, religious centres, special food shops etc
- Encouraging friendships and marriages within ethnic groups or reducing contacts with majority population that may weaken the culture of the ethnic minority
76
Rural-urban fringe
Transition zone where urban and rural areas meet, mix and sometimes clash. Perimeter of town/city.
77
Greenfield sites
Land not used for urban development/never been built on before
78
Social polarisation
The process of segregation within a society based on income inequality and socio-economic status
79
Shanty towns/squatter settlements
An area of slums built of salvaged materials: found either on the city edge or within the city, often on ground previously avoided by urban development
80
Push factors from cities to rural urban fringe
environmental pollution: poor air quality and high noise levels
housing old, congested and relatively expensive
Companies find that there is a shortage of land for building new shops, offices and factories. As a consequence what little unused land there is is costly
81
Pull factors to rural urban fringe for businesses
New developments on outskirts favoured by personal mobility allowed by car drivers
Factories can be more spacious and have plenty of room for workers to park their cars
Closeness to main roads and motorways allows for quicker access by customers
Cheaper land = larger houses
82
General advantages of rural urban fringe location
Less crime
Good countryside access
Cheaper land
More space for housing which is needed as more people live alone and living longer
Access to large workforce
Easy access to motorways
Easy to commute into city
Space for parking
83
Non-residential changes at rural-urban fringe
Retail complexes
Industrial estates
Business parks
Science parks
84
Pros of retail parks/out-of-town shopping
More people own cars = easy to travel to
All under one roof so not affected by weather
Bright modern surroundings
Large shop choice with more facilities eg ice rinks and cinemas
Free car parks with plenty of space
More space = more accessible
Excellent road links drawing in more people from more than one city or town
85
Cons of city centre shopping
Shops spread out not suitable for elderly / disabled
Can be affected by bad weather
Expensive or short-term parking
Crowded narrow pavements
Possible lack of shop choices
Lots of traffic congestion
86
Housing development Reading
Kennet island Reading
87
Retail park reading
REading Gate REtail park
88
Business park reading
Thames Valley Park
89
sports stadium Reading
Madjeski stadium
90
Science park Reading
Thames Valley Science PArk
91
WAste disposal reading
RE3 Reading
92
Name of new proposed development on reading's rural-urban fringe
Royal Elm Park
93
Pros and cons of retail parks
creates jobs and boosts local economy
can cause heavy traffic -> emissions -> pollution
94
Pros and cons of services newer
Better quality/newer sustainable services
Sewage works landfill sites etc can be unattractive and polluting
95
Pros and cons of transport in rural urban fringe
New cycleways and footpaths improve access to countryside
Motorways destroy countryside and promote new development, particularly near junctions
96
Pros and cons of recreation and sport
Country parks and golf courses etc can lead to conservation
Some activities eg go karts and scrambling invade/damage ecosystems and create localised litter and pollution
97
Dormintory settlement/commuter village
Place where people live only to sleep + they commute to London for work
98
Conflict of interest caused by rural urban fringe developments
Local councils and shopkeepers in CBD tend not to be in favour as both are losing money as some shops close as no longer have footfall they used to
High street deteriorates + fewer companies invest + business tax income falls
This can lead to a spiral of decline
99
Define brownfield site
Land that has been previously used/developed but is not currently in use. Areas of former industry.
100
Where are brownfield sites found?
Predominantly in urban areas
101
Greenfield sites define
Land that has not been previously developed
(includes farmland)
102
Advantages of brownfield sites
Makes area look better
Brings jobs and income to area which is often declining inner-city that suffered from loss of industry
Reducing urban sprawl = Less need for greenfield development = better for environment
Rejuvenates derelict/contaminated urban areas that may have suffered from skilled people moving out eg inner city
Increases local revenue as ppl shop in old inner area
Existing buildings can be reused
More sustainable than greenfield and eases pressure on those sites
Easy access to existing transport networks so less pollution = less car use
Makes good use of waste ground
More/new housing = Gentrification = less crime
103
Disadvantages of brownfield sites
House prices in inner city increase as people move back to area = local people can no longer afford housing = council forced to provide
Old used land = expensive cleanup due to contamination and pollution from previous use
More homes in urban area = worse traffic
Percieved presence of environmental contamination due to previous usage of the land
More household rubbish to get rid of in area that is already built-up
104
Advantages of greenfield sites
workers prefer living away from urban areas
Less traffic
more space to expand as unoccupied and almost always no one around it
New sites easier to build on as no remains of former land use needed to clear
Water electricity etc cheaper in rural areas/suburban areas
105
Disadvantages of greenfield sites
Not sustainable as too much pressure on RU fringe from other land uses eg motorways so brownfield sites better option
Sucks out core from towns as shops etc locate on edge of town/cities
Less peace in countryside + more covered in concrete
Trees must be cut down
New major roads need to be built + more traffic on country roads
Drives wildlife away + spoils area's appearance
Less farmland
106
Social challenges in developed world urban
Ageing population
Social services and housing
Service provision
Deindustrialisation
Energy supply
Poverty and deprivation
Ethnic segregation
Quality of life
Terrorism and crime
Hazard risk
Food supply
Resources eg energy and water
107
Economic challenges in urban developed world
Gloablisation
Ageing population
Deindustrialisation
108
Environmental challenges in urban developed world
Ecological footprint
Transport and traffic
Green space
Sustainability
Resources eg energy land water
Pollution and waste disposal
109
Sustainable urban living defined
Meeting needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs
110
Circular city meaning
Sustainable city where resources consumed on smaller scale and cause less pollution
111
Eg how to achieve sustainable urban living (6)
Using renewable resources
Using energy more efficiently
Using public over private transport
Improving physical infrastructure - clean water and proper sanitation
Improving social services + access to them
Improving quality of life, particularly of urban poor
112
actions to be sustainable
Minimise pollution
Restrict building on greenfield sites
Recycle
Treat everyone equally and have a fair society
Provide green infrastructure
Reuse brownfield sites
Make cities smaller/more compact and reduce car use by improving public transport
113
Quality of life
Used to evaluate wellbeing of individuals and societies
114
What does quality of life look at/meausred by
Looks as UN universal rights human decleration eg freedom of marriage
Not economic
Measured by employment, environment etc eg social belonging
qualitative (non numerical and based on opinions and feelings)
115
Urban issues london faces
Food
Energy
Resource consumption
Segregation
Transport
Waste disposal
116
Egan wheel factors (8)
Well run by the government
Provides good services ie schools, hospitals
Well connected via transport and connectivity
Fair for everyone because everyone is equally important
Active inclusive and safe from social and cultural POV
Well designed and built houses and infrastructure
Thriving economy
Environmentally sensitive and care for physical environment
117
How is East Village environmentally sensitive?
Green roofs on residential blocks: encourage wildlife and slow down rate of water drain off roof
Green open spaces (10 hectares of parkland) with trees + wetland pond area: encourages wildlife and helps to purify air
Water use 50% less than avg with water recycling
Rainwater used for flushing toilets after filtered
Zero waste to landfilll by 2025
118
How is east village fair for everyone
School for 3-18 year olds and large health centre etc
Has affordable housing as half of houses rented at lower rates so normal people can live there
119
How is east village active inclusive and safe and thriving economy
Acquatic centre and velopark open to everyone = encouraging active lifestyle
Small, independent shops and services help keep money in local economy + avoid need to shop elsewhere
120
How is East Village well designed and built
Modern, high density and high standard apartments
50% less energy used than average urban area
Smart meteres monitor energy use
121
How is east village well connected thru transport and connectivity
Local bus services connect east village to london underground
Every home within 350m of bus stop
Stratford international station provides fast route to central london and europe
122
London Development corporation role in East village
Planner
Land owner and developer
Venue + attraction operator
Estate Manager
Employer and producer etc
Helping solve unsustainability of london + lack of green space and sustainable transport
123
commerical partners (property developers) role in East village
Influence supply chains so have a knock on effect on the entire industry
Explore potential Eeconomies of scale while mitigating against impacts
Design and fund project
eg building contractors, event owners
124
Politicians and planers both role in East village
Local planners and politicians that want change will help with any obstacles or opposition to regeneration/renewal
Represent local community
125
What do planners do role urban living
Urban planners help formulate and communicate proposals for new buildings, structures, and green spaces
Basically they come up with the ideas and manage it whilst others execute them
126
Engie (industrialist) role in East village
Help businesses w their sustainability
Help resource efficiency
127
Challenges significant to developing/emerging countries
Squatter settlements
Water and sanitation
Informal economy
Urban pollution
Low quality of life
128
How many people live in shanty towns worldwide and what percent in developing and emerging countries
980 million (3.2% of world pop.)
78.2% in developing + emerging countries
129
Why are shanty towns unsafe to live in/at risk of what
Made of scrap materials eg corrugated metal or packing boxes
Prone to flooding, fires, pollution, crime etc
But living here often can be better and have more opportunities than situation left behind in rural areas
130
Water and sanitation developing explained
Shanty towns often no access to piped water/waste disposal
LEads to flooding in wet seasons
High level of disease eg cholera, typhoid, diptheria
Limited access to water as often only way is from standpipe with limited availability
131
Informal economy developing explained
Often not enough jobs for rural-urban migrantsin formal economy (regulated jobs eg in offices, healthcare)
Leads to unemployment and underemployment (not having enough work/work not skilled enough)
People work informal industry: small-scale, locally owned, labour intensive with no contracted terms eg pay and hours and dangerous conditions eg shoeshiner or food seller.
132
Urban pollution explained
Fuelwood burnt for heating = pollution
Lack of waste disposal = plastic and metal waste burnt
Congested traffic outside slums due to old cars with high emissions = air pollution
Governments want to develop industry = lax pollution/waste controls = manufacturing companies exploit and pollute air + rivers with factory discharge, waste, etc
lack of efficient waste disposal + poor quality buildings = waste buildup and unsightly buildings = visual pollution
133
Low quality of life developing and emerging explained
Often low in developing cities + squatter settlements
QLI (quality of life index) ranks countries by 8 diff variables eg safety, healthcare, pollution + cost of living and each country given a score + ranked
Deprivation often an issue: when standard of living below majority of people in area
As well factors eg poor congested housing, lack of employment and pollution, deprivation = lack of proper diet, schooling, medical care and leisure/recreation facilities.
134
Mumbai Dharavi slum facts
4000 people a day get diseases
85% of people work locally and have a job in the slum
80% of rubbish is recycled domestically
1 million people per square mile
500 people per public latrine
135
Dharavi challenges (9)
Growth of squatter settlements, systems
Access to clean water and sanitaiton
Poor health
Education
Unemployment
Crime
Waste
Air and water pollution
Traffic
136
Explain growth of squatter settlements, systems as a challenge of Dharavi (5)
SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
Lack of decent housing and infrastructure there
Unattractive and polluting
High crime levels
Many of city's poorest inhabitatnts live in slums and you cannot supply services to them
Around 40% of the population live on the streets/in slums/in informal housing
137
Explain access to clean water and sanitation as a challenge of Dharavi (3)
SOCIAL
Access to basic services is limited
In Dharavi Slum 95% of housholds have lower access to clean water than recommended minimum by WHO (World Health Organisation) - standpipes come on at 5:30am for 2 hours
Lack of access to basic services increases risk of illness and disease
138
Explain poor health as a challenge of Dharavi (4)
SOCIAL
Satisfying growing needs for health is big challenge as population is huge and continues growing
Not enough hospitals/doctors (1.52 doctors per 1000 people as opposed to global average of around 3.5/1000)
Youthful population (ie 18-25ish looking to seek their fortune move to city) = have lots of babies = much maternity care needed
Conditions in squatter areas -> high risk of disease -> pressure on health services
139
Explain education as a challenge of Dharavi (2)
SOCIAL
Youthful population (ie 18-25 looking to seek their fortune/improve quality of life move to city) = lots of babies = high demand for schools
Schools overcrowded in slums with inadequate resources and facilities
140
Explain unemployment as a challenge of Dharavi
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Many unskilled jobs automated = less demand for unskillled workers = lower wages for unskilled jobs left
Growing demand for skilled labour but slum dwellers often do not have these skills
Causes much unemployment
141
Explain crime as a challenge of Dharavi
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Links to unemployment
Higher unemployment = lower wages or no wages at all = more economic crime as people must make money somehow eg robbery
People bored as no jobs and unfulfilled = turn to drugs, drinking, gambling, etc
142
Explain waste as a challenge of Dharavi
ENVIRONMENTAL
Dealing with increasing volumes of human/industrial waste is difficult and expensive
People work with toxic substances (toxic waste) often without sufficient protection
Lack of sanitation systems in some parts of city so streets used to dispose of sewage eg (?) excrement, sanitary products
143
Explain air and water pollution as a challenge of Dharavi
ENVIRONMENTAL
Growth of unregulated indsustry and increasing numbers of vehicles on roads (commuters) add to problems of air and water pollution
Often government willing to ignore as they want their industry to grow and therefore economy to grow so companies take advantage and pollute more
144
Explain traffic as a challenge of Dharavi
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL
Old cars (cheap) = high emissions of eg carbon dioxide = pollution
Lack of public transport = lots of cars commuting into city = high traffic congestion = more pollution = low productivity as less time spent working
Mumbai has 3 million commuters per day
145
Opportunities of living in Dharavi
HEalth
Education
Water supply
Waste
Energy
Formal economy
Informal economy
146
Explain health as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Informal hospitals can help take the strain off official government-run hospitals
Eventually health will innovate: common diseases spread = people find vaccines = solutions
accerss easier in Mumbai than in surrounding areas/the rural-urban migrants' place of origin
147
Explain education as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Informal schools can sometimes be opportunities for interesting, diverse education and help take strain off official government-run schools
People get better education = more skills = social and economic mobility (can move to skilled jobs with higher wages) = can improve their quality of life and living conditions
Access easier in Mumbai than surrounding area/rural-urban migrants' place of origin
148
Explain water supply as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Because the slum is a small area (1 million people packed into one square mile in Dharavi) it is easier to supply services eg water sanitation and electricity
As less piping/logistics/transport required so cheaper
149
Explain waste as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Virtually all waste is recycled
10,000 small factories in Dharavi - employ 250,000 people - opportunity for employment
80% of Mumbai's own waste is recycled in Mumbai/domestically
150
Explain energy as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Small area = easier to provide eg electricity
Offers energy: better than previous rural area
151
Explain formal economy as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
- Urban poor provide massive labour force
- Good education = good jobs = social mobility = improve quality of life
- slums are good for eg manufacturing as people and buildings are all in one place and they are willing to work for low wages
- opportunities for regular income and development
- there is a flourishing manufacturing industry eg electronics, jewellery
152
Explain informal economy as an opportunity of living in Dharavi
Urban poor provide a massive labour force
Opportunity for economic development
Informal shopping areas abound where you can buy anything you need
Opportunity for good income
Hub for small businesses eg selling food or pottery
153
Self help schemes define
People are given tools and training to help improve thier slum homes
154
Low interest loans
availasble to help pay for upgrading/improving low quality/slum homes
155
site and service schemes define
residents can buy or rent a piece of land with basic services eg electricity and water on a new or cleared site then build their home here
156
local people impacted by slum improvement
planners
slum residents
representatives in parliament or city councils
city councils
utlity suppliers
employers
residents living nearby
landowners and property developers
157
national people impacted by slum develpment
government
national charities
158
international people impacted by slum development
intergovernmental organisations eg who
international charities eg oxfam
159
top down development
decisions made from top ie by governments or large organisations and forced onto community who have little to no say
eg vision mumbai
160
bottom up development
led by community and or ngos grass-rolts.
community empowered to make decisions
eg SPARC Indian NGO
161
Mumbai literacy rate
89.7 percent
national average 74.04 percent
162
Agglomeration
concentration of people and their economic activities at favourable locations
163
Vision Mumbai advantages
The Vision Mumbai project is improving living conditions in Dharavi by replacing squatter settlements with higher quality flats.
With this project, there would be more schools, more shops, better health care centres, better roads and more jobs.
By 2007, 200,000 people were moved, and 45,000 homes demolished in Dharavi. New flats replaced slums.
Piped water and sewerage systems were established for new flats.
By 2015, 72 new trains were introduced on Mumbai’s railways. Platforms were raised to prevent people falling into the ‘gaps’ between trains and platforms – the cause of many deaths.
In 2015, new measures were introduced to improve air quality.
164
Vision Mumbai Disadvantagws
165
Informal economies
Not registered w gov
Pays Little
Labour intensive
166
Social issues w urbanisation developi g
Poverty
Lack of access to basic services eg water and sanitation;
Health
Unemployment as a social issue
Housing
Traffic congestion and transport
167
Strategies to improve quality of life
- improve public transport Ie buses and a,so roads: reduce emissions and ppl get to work and around easier
- health: improving healthcare, eg make free at point of delivery eg NHS significantly improved quality of life in England from 1948 when it was established
- develop inner cities ie brownfield sites: poverty and lowest quality of life here but developing brownfield sites found here and if you develop these brings income to local economy and jobs
- improve schools and education so those with lowest quality of life can acquire skills and social mobility becomes possible and improve their life
- bottom-up development: allow community a say in what happens to them
168
DsAdvantages of brownfield
- People may move back to inner cities where brownfield sites area so people can no longer afford to live there as house prices are pushed up so council forced to provide housing and they have to move
- often have to clear site due to previous use and perceived presence of environmental contamination which is expensive
169
Advantages of greenfield
- Basic services eg water and electricity are cheaper in rural areas where greenfield often found so can provide more easily
- Don’t need to clear site before building
- Often open space around so can build as big as you want to
