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Human Environments - Geography GCSE > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Urbanisation Definition

A

Increasing the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.

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2
Q

Urban Life
Type , pop. density, building density, work, life

A

Built up
High population density
High Building density
Office Jobs
Stressful / busy / fast-paced

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3
Q

Subrban Life
Type , pop. density, building density, work, life

A

Countryside
Low population density
Low building density
Farming/agriculture
Laid back

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4
Q

Agglomeration

A

The clustering of industrial activity around a favourable natural location eg. River estuary/mineral recourse.
A city can grow from there.

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5
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The growth of urban areas at their edges/fringe, largely for residential purposes
(Late 19th/ early 20th century London)

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6
Q

Urban regeneration

A

The investment of capital (money) into the revival of declining urban areas by improving what there is or clearing away and rebuilding.

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7
Q

Counterurbanisation

A

The migration of people and employment from large urban areas to smaller towns and rural areas

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8
Q

Urban re-imaging

A

Deliberately changing the image of an urban area to change people’s perception of it and encourage new investment

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9
Q

Multiplier effect

A

A positive cycle of prosperity connected to sb initial investment in an area (snow ball effect)

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10
Q

What is a megacity

A

A large city with over 10 million people

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11
Q

Rural to Urban - Push factors

A

Lack of employment
Limited food due to misuse of land
Pressure on land division
Many families don’t own land
Lack of public services
Overpopulation
Extreme physical conditions

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12
Q

Rural to Urban - Pull factors

A

Better paying jobs
More comfortable housing
Better quality of life
More reliable food sources
More money invested
Better chance of services (school/medical
Forced to move

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13
Q

World city

A

A leading city a global scare being a major node (centre) in economic, communication, political matter

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14
Q

Why is Lagos important to Africa?

A
  • Largest African Megacity - 21 million
  • Good access to trade routes - railway/boat /airport /roads
  • Good Job opportunities
  • Huge industry - GDP $136 Billion
  • Oil exporter
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15
Q

Why migrate to Lagos

A
  • Better employment opportunities
  • Better healthcare
  • Easy electrical access (some power cuts)
  • Higher education level
  • Development of transport - railway/taxi
  • Informal sector - no taxes
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16
Q

What is Olososun, Lagos?

A

A rubbish dump

17
Q

Olososun Rubbish Dump

A
  • Provides jobs for around 5,000 people (in)directly.
  • Filter through rubbish and pick out
  • Sold further to be recycled and handlers
  • More money
18
Q

Managing Urban Challenges - Lagos
Lack of employment

A
  • 70% work in the Informal Sector -
    Rubbish dump
    Street vending
  • Not a solution - many are still poor
  • No taxes paid - gov. Is still poor
  • Eko Atlantic - slow progress
19
Q

Managing Urban Challenges - Lagos
Lack of housing

A
  • Not enough housing
    Slums like Makoko
    50% live in slums and very poor quality of life
  • City gov. Bulldozed down houses - unsuccessful, just relocates the problem
  • Makoko is a resilient community
  • Eko Atlantic aren’t building low cost houses - only luxury
20
Q

Managing Urban Challenges - Lagos
Poor Quality of life

A
  • Poor sanitation - poor health due to disease like cholera
  • Poverty = malnourishment
  • some charity work but largely unsuccessful
21
Q

Managing Urban Challenges - Lagos
Education

A

Slums aren’t equipped for schooling and cannot pay
Life chances are limited

Free floating school built for 100 primary children
Unsuccessful - only one which was destroyed in 2016 and not rebuilt

22
Q

Managing Urban Challenges - Lagos
Transport

A
  • High congestion about 3 hours a day
  • It’s dangerous and 3x more fatal traffic accidents than Europe
  • Air quality is 5x worse than recommended
  • BRT ( Bus Rapid Transit) works for 16 hours a day and moves 200,000 people + a day
  • Quite successful -
  • 25% of all trips by only 4% of vehicles
  • Journey times have been cut down by 25 minutes
  • CO2 emissions down by 20%
  • New jobs - 2,000 directly - 10,000 indirectly
23
Q

Sustainability definition

A

Meeting the needs of the present (now) without compromising the needs of the future

Enough for all, forever

24
Q

3 Pillars of sustainability

A
  • Social, Economic, Environmental
  • In HIC‘s economy is largely prioritised but for full sustainability all 3 must be taken into consideration.

Without environmental = no more resources
Without social = divide in society grows - huge social standing gap

25
Q

Urbanisation Pathway

A

Stage 1 - Early - not very much - eg. Ethiopia 🇪🇹

Stage 2 - Accelerating - steep rise in urbanisation - eg. Nigeria 🇳🇬

Stage 3 - Mature - Peaks in urbanisation and it starts levelling out - China 🇨🇳

Stage 4 - Counterurbanisation - starts dipping down again, people are leaving the big urban cities - eg. Uk 🇬🇧

26
Q

London Transport - why is it a problem

A

Air Quality - releases CO2 into the atmosphere. This happens to high levels daily which decreases it.

People’s health - air quality ^ is harmful to and causes diseases or asthma to be triggered

Road safety - many cars are driving at fast speeds down roads so many accidents may happen

Business and Worker productivity - long travels to makes workers late which decreases their productivity!

27
Q

London Congestion Charge
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Economic
- £15 daily charge of you drive within the zone during charging times
- 90% off for residents
- Free for disabled people and emergency services, taxis and motorcycles

  • reduces traffic by 15% and overall congestion by 30%
  • reduces air pollution and decreases health problems related to fossil fuels in the air
  • Poorer people cannot afford to enter central London with those charges
28
Q

Olleco
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Environmental
- Food waste collection services that turn waste into bio fuel and supplies cooking oil to large chains

  • Gives London a renewable source of energy and prevents landfills for food
  • Not all vehicles (especially older models) can’t take the fuel and it would need to be further converted.
  • Not all companies are on-board to using that fuel for their machines
29
Q

Too Good to Go
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Environmental
- Mobile Applications for customers to get certified left over food from restaurants

  • Limits food waste and land-fills
  • Limited hunger because it is cheaper for families
  • Reduces CO2 releases
30
Q

Santander Cycles
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Environmental and Social
- Normal and electric bikes
- Largely accessible
- Mobile phone connection
- Easily locked and you only pay for time used

  • Slows congestion
  • Reusable
  • Easy and fast travel
  • Run out
  • Get dumped in random places
  • Bike ports are far apart
31
Q

London living wage
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Economic
- £13.15 and hour (compared to £10.42 national)
- Optional for employers

  • London has high cost of living
  • Helps those with lower pay to afford a better life style with more leisure money
  • Not many employers sign up - many can’t benefit
  • Only goes a certain way
32
Q

Free school meals
What is it / will it be more sustainable / challenges

A

Economic / Social
- Mayor of London established free school meal in state primary schools

  • Children from low income households can receive at least 1 good meal ( social safety net)
  • Supports their wellbeing and health
  • Expensive to administer

Human Environments - Geography GCSE (2 decks)

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