Urban environments Flashcards
Urbanisation
Increase in the proportion(%) of people living in urban areas
- causes rural dilation
Counter-urbanisation
Process by which people move away from urban areas
7 Urban growth causes
Agglomeration multiplier effect Transnational companies - inward investment economies of scale industrialisation Dick Whittington effect natural increase
agglomeration
the concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations due to the advantages
Dick Whittington effect
aka Bright Light’s syndrome
perception of a better life
Inward investement
transnational companies invest in the urban city which boosts jobs and therefore the attraction of the urban areas
economies of scale
cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production
multiplier effect
economic growth encourages population growth
population growth makes more labour available as more people need more services
natural increase
birth rate > death rate
Suburbanisation
Increase in the proportion(%) of people living in the edges of urban areas
8 rapid growth issues
push factors
quality of life pollution - noise, waste, air and environmental crime informal sector traffic infrastructure housing segregation urban sprawl
housing
insufficient expensive creates slums - deprived and congested -limited services -polluted
quality of life
provision of basic services can’t keep up with growing population
- sanitation
- energy
- food
- health services
- education services
air pollution
lots of CO2 emissions - global warming
smog from vehicles
nitrogen oxides and ozone
these harmful gases causes respiratory and lung problems
waste pollution
dumped and not treated
toxins in water supply
- creates disease
5 City pull factors
more jobs better living facilities higher wages better education and health services less chance of natural disasters
5 pull factors of urban fringe(greenfield site)
land is cheaper so houses are larger
factories can be more spacious with larger parking areas
healthier environment
- less pollution
proximity of countryside, leisure and recreation
no previous development
- made efficient and pleasant
4 Brownfield advantages
services already in place
reduces loss of countryside
helps to revive old and disused urban areas
located near main areas of employment
megacity
city with a population of more than 10 million
6 ways of making urban living more sustainable
using renewable resources efficient use of energy improving social services improving quality of life relying on public transport improving physical infrastructure
Examples of charities
Oxfam CAFOD- catholic agencies for overseas development Christian aid MSF inter-governmental organisations - world bank - world health organisations - UNESCO
disposing waste
landfill - toxic biodegradable effluent - very sustainable biomethane from human excrement reduce, reuse and recycle centres - doorstep recycling scheme waste burning
Structure of a city
core
inner-city ring
suburban ring
urban fringe
identifying the core
contains central business district
high/multi-storey buildings
expensive land values
transnational companies
shopping malls and pedestrian precincts
cultural/historical buildings, museums and castles
bus and railway stations (transport centres)
Curitiba, Brazil
population over 2 million
planning started in 1960
population was 430,000
Curitiba master plan
- improving transport
- 5 main roads converging on the city centre were converted into dual carriageways separated by two-lane carriageways for exclusive use by express buses
- triple articulated buses are fast, efficient and cheap
- persuading people to stop using cars(70% people use it)
- bus uses biofuels
Curitiba master plan
- waste
recycles waste since 1980
It is collected using a network of ‘cambo verde’ site
poor people are paid with fruits and vegetables for collecting waste
Curitiba master plan
- parks
town surrounded by parks for public recreation
- prevents shanty towns
- lakes within parks provide effective flood control service
- sheep graze on them
