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Urban contemporary environments Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation

A

when the percentage of the population living in urban areas in a country increases

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2
Q

What is urban growth

A

When the overall number of people living in urban areas increases

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3
Q

What is urban expansion

A

when the size (in km2) of one town or city increases

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4
Q

What is urban expansion also known as

A

urban sprawl

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5
Q

What are push factors

A

factors that push people away

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6
Q

What are pull factors

A

factors that pull people in

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7
Q

What is rural -> urban migration

A

moving from countryside to city

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8
Q

What is a millionaire city

A

A city with one million people in

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9
Q

What is a mega city

A

a city with 10 million people or more

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10
Q

What is a metacity

A

a city with 20 million people in

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11
Q

What is conurbation

A

a large urban settlement when nearby towns or cities spread out and merge together

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12
Q

What is a world city

A

a city which has a great influence on a global scale because of financial status

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13
Q

What are the main 4 world cities

A

1- New York
2- London
3- Tokyo
4- Paris

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14
Q

What makes a city a world city

A

-top universities (e.g. oxford)
-large tech companies (e.g. San Francisco)
-land marks (e.g. NY)
-major airports
-media (e.g. LA)
-government and politics (e.g. “UN” HQ is in NY)
-large companies (head offices)

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15
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

when people move to the edges of a city

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16
Q

What are some pull factors for the suburbs

A

-sense of community
-quiet
-spacious
-safer
-less pollution
-more affordable
-better education

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17
Q

Positives of suburbanisation

A

-more open spaces
-less densely packed
-councils get more income tax
-people can work from home
-increase in offices, shops, businesses at the edge

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18
Q

Negatives of suburbanisation

A

-buildings in the inner-city are left vacant
-decline of business in the centre
-areas can lack diversity and look similar
-building on greenfield land
-increased commuting by car
-greater divide between cultures / incomes

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19
Q

What is counter-urbanisation

A

when people move from a large town or city to a small village or town

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20
Q

Why do people move to smaller places

A

-countryside / personal preference
-better education
-less pollution
-better housing
-reduced crime
-rural retirement homes

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21
Q

What is meant by modifications (houses)

A

when houses have extensions or improvements

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22
Q

What are accretions

A

The areas of village that have grown gradually over time

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23
Q

what are adjuncts

A

newer parts of the village added to the original core

24
Q

What are isolates

A

Individual housing apart from the main village

25
What is ribbon development
a line of housing, extending along a main road out of a village
26
What are in-fills
when there is a gap between houses - the land can fit 1 or 2 new houses on it
27
What is urban resurgence also known as
Re-urbanisation
28
What is urban resurgence
the regeneration (improvement) of an area, especially in the UK cities after they’d declined in the 1970’s and 80’s
29
What is deindustrialisation
the decline in the proportion of jobs in manufacturing and factory work in the area
30
What are some features of modern CBD’s
-pedestrianised streets -weekly street markets / food festivals -restoration of historic buildings -indoor shopping malls -street lighting -bins -public transport -CCTV -trees / flowers
31
What is meant by manufacturing
making something on a large scale using machinery
32
What is automation
the increased use of robotics in a factory
33
What is globalisation
the links that businesses and people have to other countries
34
Why is automation good
Allows for mass production so the company can get more money, quicker
35
Why is automation bad
people will lose their jobs
36
Why is globalisation good
products can be made using cheaper labour
37
Why is globalisation bad
it uses people in other countries for cheap work
38
Negative effects of deindustrialisation
-increased unemployment -increased vandalism -decrease in shops -decrease in tax revenue -decrease in house prices -increased dereliction
39
Positive effects of deindustrialisation
decrease in air pollution
40
What is decentralisation
the relocation of shops, office, etc, away from the CBD to retail shopping parks or business parks at the suburbs
41
What is the service economy
The % of people working in the “service” or “tertiary” sectors -such as offices, shops, laboratories etc…
42
Pull factors to the suburbs -for shops and businesses
-cheaper land -more space -easier access -greener environment -safer surroundings
43
Reasons for the service economy
-big companies need more services to run and promote their business -old factories are bought by service companies to renovate them -more people studying STEM subjects hives higher qualifications -increased roads / airports help trade and access
44
What is economic inequality
The difference in the levels of living standards between different groups in a society (gap between rich and poor)
45
What is social segregation
when a group of people (such as immigrants) choose to live with people similar to them
46
What is cultural diversity
a variety of cultural groups within a single place
47
Why do people tend to live in the same area
-language -religion -views -community -jobs -food (Halal, Kosher)
48
What is a post-modern western city
-no traditional CBD -diverse population -different architecture styles -jobs mainly in the service sector
49
What is the urban heat island effect
when urban areas have higher temperatures than rural areas
50
What does albedo mean
The reflectiveness of a surface
51
What is the thermal gradient
the change in temperature from CBD out towards the suburbs and rural areas
52
What are some negatives about urban heat island effect
-health issues -overheating -wildfires -messes up seasons -elderly and young children struggle to regulate body temperature -more fuel consumption
53
How to reduce the urban heat island effect
-plant trees -install roof gardens -paint building white
54
What is an urban wind canyon
when there are narrow streets that have tall buildings either side
55
What is the Venturi effect
a violent gust of wind formed in a narrow gap
56

Human geography (3 decks)

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