Upstream influences Flashcards
What is the challenge of down stream processing
It is difficult to efficiently and economically recover a high purity biochemical product from a complex mixture
What products can the biochemical industry produce
Food & beverage Health care (therapeutics, diagnostics) Speciality chemical Commodity chemical Waste treatment
What ways can products be manufactured
Biosynthetic (microbial, animal, plant)
Extractive (animal, plant)
Chemical synthesis
Draw a supply chain in bioprocessing diagram
Utilities Raw materials Synthesis DSP Final product Market
What are 6 points to consider in downstream processing
DSP begins with raw materials (garbage in garbage out) Trade offs between purity and yield Mass and Energy are conserved There are impurities and contaminants You will be watched (monitored) Design goals
Why are costs so high
Product is present in small amounts in a broth containing intact cells
The desired product must often be isolated and purified
Bioproduct recovery often requires several steps
What are the 4 recovery categories
Separation of insolubles
Isolation & concentration
Primary Purification
Final Purification
What is used and separated in the separation of insolubles
To separate whole cells, cell debris, pellets of aggregated protein, undissolved nutrients
Sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, membrane processes
What is used and separated in the isolation and concentration
Isolation of product from unrelated impurities
Extraction, ultrafiltration, precipitation, ion exchange
What is used and separated in the primary purification stage
Distinguishes between species having very similar chemical and physical properties
Chromatography, electrophoresis, fractional precipitation
What is used and separated in the final purification stage
Necessitated by the extremely high purity required pf many therapeutic products
Affinity chromatography, crystallisation, drying
What are the 5 rules of heuristics
- Remove the most plentiful impurity first
- Remove the easiest-to-remove impurities
- Make the most difficult separation last
- Select processes that make use of the greatest differences in the properties of the product
- Select and sequence processes that exploit different different separation forces
What are 3 product locations
Inside, outside and the cell itself
What are 6 protein properties
Size Biological activity Stability Post translational modifications High viscosity solutions Physiochemical properties
What things are related to protein stability
Temperature pH Detergents Organic solvents cleaning agents
