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T IoD medical micrcobiology > Upper respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

Upper respiratory tract infections Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract include?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharnyx
Larynx

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2
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract include?

A

trachea
primary bronchi
lungs

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3
Q

what is tropism?

A

viruses prefer specific tissues due to interactions and this will have an affect on where they grow1

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4
Q

what are common symptoms of an upper RTI?

A

cough

sneezing, rhinitis, congestion, tonsilittis, laryngitis, fever

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5
Q

what is the common presentation of laryngitis?

A

a hoarse voice

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6
Q

what are appropriate samples for an Upper RTI?

A

Swabs from the nose and throat
aspirate
sputum

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7
Q

what are common forms of transmission for upper RTI?

A

aerosolised particles from cough and sneeze

fomites

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8
Q

what viruses tend to survive longer in the environment?

A

ones that don’t have a lipid envelope such as rhinoviruses

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9
Q

what is meant by ‘basic reproductive number?’

A

this is the number of cases one case of infection will generate on average during the course of infection

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10
Q

what does basic reproductive number measure?

A

how much the disease is transmitted

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11
Q

what is the basic reproductive number of the common cold?

A

2-3.

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12
Q

what type of virus is rhinovirus?

A

RNA, non enveloped.

picornavirus family

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13
Q

what is the incubation period of rhinovirus?

A

1-3 days

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14
Q

what is the duration of rhinovirus?

A

5-7 days

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15
Q

what is the transmission of rhinovirus?

A

droplet spread

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16
Q

what type of virus is coronavirus?

A

enveloped RNA virus with spikes

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17
Q

what are the spikes on coronavirus?

A

they are spikes that determine the tropism

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18
Q

what is SARS?

A

Caused by corona virus, it’s severe acute respiratory syndrome

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19
Q

what is the source of SARS?

A

wild animals, original resoirvoir being bats.

20
Q

what is MERS?

A

Middle east coronavirus

21
Q

what is treatment of coronavirus?

A

steroids
ribavirin
interferon

22
Q

what type of virus is adenovirus?

A

double stranded DNA, non-enveloped.

23
Q

what is transmission of adenovirus?

A

respiratory and faecal

24
Q

what is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 1?

A

respiratory synctial virus

25
Q

what type of virus is respiratory synctial virus?

A

single stranded RNA

26
Q

what is transmission of respiratory synctial virus?

A

droplet

27
Q

what is treatment for respiratory synctial virus?

A

hydration, oxygen, nursing care, anti-bacterials if a second infection is suspected

28
Q

what is the gold standard for influenza diagnosis?

A

real time PCR

29
Q

what are M2 ion channel inhibitors active against?

A

influenza A

30
Q

what are examples of M2 ion channel inhibitors

A

amantadine

rimantadine

31
Q

what are neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

antivirals given for influenza. they prevent progeny virions detaching from infected cells. have to take within 48 hours of onset

32
Q

what are examples of neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

oseltamivir

anamivir

33
Q

what treatment should at risk people be given for influenza?

A

oseltamivir for 5 days

34
Q

what should severely immunosuppresed people be given to treat influenza?

A

zanamivir

35
Q

what type of virus is parainfluenza virus?

A

enveloped single stranded RNA

36
Q

what are the most common parainfluenza virus serotypes?

A

there are 4 serotypes.

1-3 are most common

37
Q

what is the typical age group where parainfluenza virus presents?

A

6months to 4 years

38
Q

what bacteria can cause upper respiratory tract infections?

A

streptococcal pharyngitis
fusobacterium necrophorum
haemophilus influenza type B

39
Q

what does streeptococal pharyngitis cause?

A

severe sore throat, fever, tonsil exudates, cervical lymphadenopathy, rash, muscle pain

40
Q

how do you diagnose streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

A throat swab

41
Q

what do you see on a blood agar of strep pharyngitis show?

A

beta haemolytic zone

42
Q

what is the treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

10 days of pen V

43
Q

what can fusobacterium necrophorum cause?

A

necrobacilosis

sore throat, septicaemia, lung abscess, internal JV thrombosis

44
Q

what type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

anaerobic

45
Q

what treatment does necrobacillosis require?

A

metronidazole

T IoD medical micrcobiology (4 decks)

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