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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Give reason: the lower respiratory tract normally lacks microorganisms.

A

Because of the ciliary motion, secretory antibodies and phagocytic cells that clear the organs of contaminants.

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2
Q

Microbiota of nasal cavity may contain …..,…..&….. .

A

Haemophilus, staph. aureus & diphtheroids

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3
Q

Mention organisms colonising the upper regions of the pharynx

A

Gram -ve cocci, diphtheroids, opportunistic staph, alpha hemolytic strep as strept pneumoniae

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4
Q

Mention the benefits of normal microbiota

A

Limit infection by removing nutrients & releasing substances that inhibit growth of pathogens

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5
Q

Mention causative agents of common cold

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses & parainfulenza viruses.

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6
Q

General charecters of rhinoviruses, optimum temp & site of colonisation.

A

Non-enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses, picorna viruses.
33’C
URT & conjunctiva

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7
Q

MOT of common cold

A

Droplet infection

Direct or indirect hand-to-hand contact

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8
Q

Infiltrating cells in common cold

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells & some eosinophils.

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9
Q

Clinical manifestations of common cold

A
  • Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea (watery nasal discharge without purulence & dec sense of smell)
  • Sore throat
  • Malaise & headache
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10
Q

Complications of common cold

A

Local spread: otitis media & sinusitis
Asthma attack
Secondary infections: strept. pharyngitis, pneumonia, croup or bronchiolitis.

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11
Q

General charecters of coxsackie A viruses

A

Non-enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA, picorna virus

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12
Q

Coxsackie A virus causes:

A

Herpangina: vesiculo-papular lesions

Hand, foot & mouth disease

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13
Q

General charecters and disease caused by adenoviruses.

A

Double stranded DNA non-enveloped virus

Pharyngeoconjunctival fever

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14
Q

General charecters and disease caused by EBV

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped virus (Herpesviridae family)

Infectious mononucleosis

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15
Q

C/P of infectious mononucleosis

A

Fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, hepatosplenomegaly +/- jaundice.

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16
Q

Viral replication of EBV occurs in ….&….. .

A

Reticuloendothelial system & B-cells

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17
Q

The atypical cells in infectious mononucleosis are

A

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

EBV is latent in

A

B lymphocytes & oropharyngeal epithelial cells

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19
Q

Malignancies resulting from EBV are

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma & nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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20
Q

Blood picture of EBV shows

A

Atypical lymphocytes & absolute lymphocytosis

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21
Q

Diagnostic Specimens of EBV infection

A

Saliva, peripheral blood & lymphoid tissues.

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22
Q

Describe the basis of the Monospot test

A

Patients develop transient nonspecific antibodies that agglutinate sheep RBCs.

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23
Q

Ab detected in serology of EBV

A

IgM or IgG against Viral caspid antigen

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24
Q

Cytomegalovirus general charecters and mention result of reactivation during immune-suppression.

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped, Heroesviridae family.
IM-like with -ve monospot test.
Life threatening pneumonia

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25
Microbiological criteria of strept pyogenes
Arranged in chains/pairs Non-motile Catalase negative Beta hemolytic
26
Stept pyogens causes disease by
Causes pyogenic inflammation Exotoxin production Immunogenic
27
M protein of strept pyogenes is
Antiphagocytic
28
The capsule of strept pyogenes is …..&…..
Hyaluronic acid | Non-immunogenic
29
Mention enzymes & toxins produced by strept pyogenes
Sterptolysins & leucocidin
30
Compare sterptolysin O & S
O: oxygen labile, antigenic & inc hemolytic zone diameter. S: oxygen stable, non-antigenic & responsible for hemolytic zone.
31
Mention the spreading factors of strept. pyogenes
Streptokinase, DNase, hyaluronidase.
32
Mechanism of fibrinolysin
Convert plasminogen to plasmin leading to spread of infection.
33
Compare the pyrogenic exotoxins.
P.E. A: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (superantigen) | P.E. B: necrotizing fasciitis (extensive tissue damage)
34
Mention autoimmune complications of strept infection
Acute rheumatic fever | Poststerptococcal glomerulonephritis
35
Which streptococcal toxin is obtained by lysogeny? Mention associated disease.
Erythrogenic toxin | Scarlet fever
36
Acute follicular tonsilitis is complicated by …..
Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy) with deviation of uvula to the opposite side
37
Mention the diagnostic specimen of streptococcal pharyngitis
Throat swab
38
S.pyogenes is sensitive to …
Bacitracin
39
Diphtheria toxin is obtained by ….
Lysogeny
40
Describe the mechanism of diphtheria toxin
Inhibition of elongation factor 2, thus inhibits protein synthesis leading to tissue necrosis.
41
The incubation period of diphtheria is
2-5 days
42
Mention the major complications of diphtheria.
1. Laryngeal obstruction due to edema of larynx & peripheral neuritis 2. Suffocation due to sloughing of pseudo-membrane 3. Myocarditis & peripheral neuritis due toxin absorption
43
The life-saving measure in diphtheria treatment
Antitoxin is lifesaving
44
Microscopic appearance of C.diphtheria
Chinese letter appearnace
45
C.diphtheria is cultivated on
Loeffler’s serum medium and Blood tellurite medium
46
Special test for C.diphtheria toxigenicity
Elek’s test
47
The times of vaccination of C.diphtheria
2, 4, 6-month IM (DPT) | 1.5 yrs, school age then every 10 yrs (DT)
48
Conditions where Borrelia vincentii becomes pathogenic and disease caused by it.
Injury to mucous membranes, immunodeficiency, malnutrition or infection (HSV) Vincent’s angina
49
Mention bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute otitis media
B: St.pneumoniae , H.influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis V: respiratory syncytial virus, coronav, rhinoviruses.
50
Most common cause of acute sinusitis
St.pneumoniae
51
Mention criteria of diagnosis of a secondary bacterial infection
Symptoms worsen after 3-5 days, persist for more than 10 days, or are more severe than viral infections.
52
Give reason: chronic sinusitis can occur on top of acute, then mention a potential complication.
Mucus retention, hypoxia and blockade of the ostia. | Development of nasal polyps
53
C/P of acute sinusitis
- Purulent nasal discharge - Nasal congestion - Facial or sinus pain - Headache
54
Causative organisms of fungal sinusitis
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
55
C/P of fungal sinusitis and invaded structures if disease progression worsens.
Edema of the involved facial area, bloody nasal discharge & orbital cellulitis. Can spread to Sinuses, eyes, cranial bones & brain
56
Mention the most common organism causing epiglottitis & its virulence factors.
H.influenzae type b | Polysaccharide capsule, pili for adhesion & IgA protease
57
H.influenzae growth medium requires …..&….. .
Heme (factor X) & NAD (factor V)
58
LRT disease caused by st.pyogenes & pneumoniae
Epiglottitis
59
MOT of epiglottitis
Close contact, droplets
60
C/P of epiglottitis
Odynophagia, dysphagia & airway obstruction
61
To protect against epiglottitis, immunize against ….&…. .
H. influenzae & S. pneumoniae
62
Most common cause of laryngitis
Parainfluenza virus
63
Strain of strept causing laryngitis
S. pyogenes
64
C/P of laryngitis and tracheitis
- Dry cough - Hoarseness of voice (laryngitis) - Retrosternal pain (tracheitis) - Stridor (croup) in children
65
Ention genral charecters of parainfluenza virus
Paramyxoviruses , spherical, enveloped unsegmented -ve sense ssRNA
66
Mention the 2 specific viral glycoproteins of parainfluenza virus & their role.
Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase protein: viral attachment protein, responsible for hemadsorption & hemagglutination. Fusion protein: fusion if host and viral membranes, promotes syncytium formation.
67
Serotypes of PIV causing laryngotracheobronchitis
HPIV-1 & HPIV-2
68
Disaeses caused by PIV in children and adults
C: LRT (croup, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia) A: URT (common cold)
69
Inflammation of vocal cords leads to …..
Inspiratory stridor
70
Does viremia occur with PIV?
No
71
Diagnostic specimens of PIV
Nasal washes, nasopharyngeal aspirate & bronchoalveolar lavage
72
Mention the CPE of PIV
Syncytia formation

Respiratory Microbiology (3 decks)

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