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Respiratory Microbiology > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Give reason: the lower respiratory tract normally lacks microorganisms.

A

Because of the ciliary motion, secretory antibodies and phagocytic cells that clear the organs of contaminants.

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2
Q

Microbiota of nasal cavity may contain …..,…..&….. .

A

Haemophilus, staph. aureus & diphtheroids

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3
Q

Mention organisms colonising the upper regions of the pharynx

A

Gram -ve cocci, diphtheroids, opportunistic staph, alpha hemolytic strep as strept pneumoniae

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4
Q

Mention the benefits of normal microbiota

A

Limit infection by removing nutrients & releasing substances that inhibit growth of pathogens

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5
Q

Mention causative agents of common cold

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses & parainfulenza viruses.

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6
Q

General charecters of rhinoviruses, optimum temp & site of colonisation.

A

Non-enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses, picorna viruses.
33’C
URT & conjunctiva

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7
Q

MOT of common cold

A

Droplet infection

Direct or indirect hand-to-hand contact

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8
Q

Infiltrating cells in common cold

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells & some eosinophils.

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9
Q

Clinical manifestations of common cold

A
  • Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea (watery nasal discharge without purulence & dec sense of smell)
  • Sore throat
  • Malaise & headache
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10
Q

Complications of common cold

A

Local spread: otitis media & sinusitis
Asthma attack
Secondary infections: strept. pharyngitis, pneumonia, croup or bronchiolitis.

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11
Q

General charecters of coxsackie A viruses

A

Non-enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA, picorna virus

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12
Q

Coxsackie A virus causes:

A

Herpangina: vesiculo-papular lesions

Hand, foot & mouth disease

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13
Q

General charecters and disease caused by adenoviruses.

A

Double stranded DNA non-enveloped virus

Pharyngeoconjunctival fever

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14
Q

General charecters and disease caused by EBV

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped virus (Herpesviridae family)

Infectious mononucleosis

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15
Q

C/P of infectious mononucleosis

A

Fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, hepatosplenomegaly +/- jaundice.

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16
Q

Viral replication of EBV occurs in ….&….. .

A

Reticuloendothelial system & B-cells

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17
Q

The atypical cells in infectious mononucleosis are

A

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

EBV is latent in

A

B lymphocytes & oropharyngeal epithelial cells

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19
Q

Malignancies resulting from EBV are

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma & nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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20
Q

Blood picture of EBV shows

A

Atypical lymphocytes & absolute lymphocytosis

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21
Q

Diagnostic Specimens of EBV infection

A

Saliva, peripheral blood & lymphoid tissues.

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22
Q

Describe the basis of the Monospot test

A

Patients develop transient nonspecific antibodies that agglutinate sheep RBCs.

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23
Q

Ab detected in serology of EBV

A

IgM or IgG against Viral caspid antigen

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24
Q

Cytomegalovirus general charecters and mention result of reactivation during immune-suppression.

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped, Heroesviridae family.
IM-like with -ve monospot test.
Life threatening pneumonia

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25
Q

Microbiological criteria of strept pyogenes

A

Arranged in chains/pairs
Non-motile
Catalase negative
Beta hemolytic

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26
Q

Stept pyogens causes disease by

A

Causes pyogenic inflammation
Exotoxin production
Immunogenic

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27
Q

M protein of strept pyogenes is

A

Antiphagocytic

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28
Q

The capsule of strept pyogenes is …..&…..

A

Hyaluronic acid

Non-immunogenic

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29
Q

Mention enzymes & toxins produced by strept pyogenes

A

Sterptolysins & leucocidin

30
Q

Compare sterptolysin O & S

A

O: oxygen labile, antigenic & inc hemolytic zone diameter.
S: oxygen stable, non-antigenic & responsible for hemolytic zone.

31
Q

Mention the spreading factors of strept. pyogenes

A

Streptokinase, DNase, hyaluronidase.

32
Q

Mechanism of fibrinolysin

A

Convert plasminogen to plasmin leading to spread of infection.

33
Q

Compare the pyrogenic exotoxins.

A

P.E. A: streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (superantigen)

P.E. B: necrotizing fasciitis (extensive tissue damage)

34
Q

Mention autoimmune complications of strept infection

A

Acute rheumatic fever

Poststerptococcal glomerulonephritis

35
Q

Which streptococcal toxin is obtained by lysogeny? Mention associated disease.

A

Erythrogenic toxin

Scarlet fever

36
Q

Acute follicular tonsilitis is complicated by …..

A

Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy) with deviation of uvula to the opposite side

37
Q

Mention the diagnostic specimen of streptococcal pharyngitis

A

Throat swab

38
Q

S.pyogenes is sensitive to …

A

Bacitracin

39
Q

Diphtheria toxin is obtained by ….

A

Lysogeny

40
Q

Describe the mechanism of diphtheria toxin

A

Inhibition of elongation factor 2, thus inhibits protein synthesis leading to tissue necrosis.

41
Q

The incubation period of diphtheria is

A

2-5 days

42
Q

Mention the major complications of diphtheria.

A
  1. Laryngeal obstruction due to edema of larynx & peripheral neuritis
  2. Suffocation due to sloughing of pseudo-membrane
  3. Myocarditis & peripheral neuritis due toxin absorption
43
Q

The life-saving measure in diphtheria treatment

A

Antitoxin is lifesaving

44
Q

Microscopic appearance of C.diphtheria

A

Chinese letter appearnace

45
Q

C.diphtheria is cultivated on

A

Loeffler’s serum medium and Blood tellurite medium

46
Q

Special test for C.diphtheria toxigenicity

A

Elek’s test

47
Q

The times of vaccination of C.diphtheria

A

2, 4, 6-month IM (DPT)

1.5 yrs, school age then every 10 yrs (DT)

48
Q

Conditions where Borrelia vincentii becomes pathogenic and disease caused by it.

A

Injury to mucous membranes, immunodeficiency, malnutrition or infection (HSV)
Vincent’s angina

49
Q

Mention bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute otitis media

A

B: St.pneumoniae , H.influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
V: respiratory syncytial virus, coronav, rhinoviruses.

50
Q

Most common cause of acute sinusitis

A

St.pneumoniae

51
Q

Mention criteria of diagnosis of a secondary bacterial infection

A

Symptoms worsen after 3-5 days, persist for more than 10 days, or are more severe than viral infections.

52
Q

Give reason: chronic sinusitis can occur on top of acute, then mention a potential complication.

A

Mucus retention, hypoxia and blockade of the ostia.

Development of nasal polyps

53
Q

C/P of acute sinusitis

A
  • Purulent nasal discharge
  • Nasal congestion
  • Facial or sinus pain
  • Headache
54
Q

Causative organisms of fungal sinusitis

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia

55
Q

C/P of fungal sinusitis and invaded structures if disease progression worsens.

A

Edema of the involved facial area, bloody nasal discharge & orbital cellulitis.
Can spread to Sinuses, eyes, cranial bones & brain

56
Q

Mention the most common organism causing epiglottitis & its virulence factors.

A

H.influenzae type b

Polysaccharide capsule, pili for adhesion & IgA protease

57
Q

H.influenzae growth medium requires …..&….. .

A

Heme (factor X) & NAD (factor V)

58
Q

LRT disease caused by st.pyogenes & pneumoniae

A

Epiglottitis

59
Q

MOT of epiglottitis

A

Close contact, droplets

60
Q

C/P of epiglottitis

A

Odynophagia, dysphagia & airway obstruction

61
Q

To protect against epiglottitis, immunize against ….&…. .

A

H. influenzae & S. pneumoniae

62
Q

Most common cause of laryngitis

A

Parainfluenza virus

63
Q

Strain of strept causing laryngitis

A

S. pyogenes

64
Q

C/P of laryngitis and tracheitis

A
  • Dry cough
  • Hoarseness of voice (laryngitis)
  • Retrosternal pain (tracheitis)
  • Stridor (croup) in children
65
Q

Ention genral charecters of parainfluenza virus

A

Paramyxoviruses , spherical, enveloped unsegmented -ve sense ssRNA

66
Q

Mention the 2 specific viral glycoproteins of parainfluenza virus & their role.

A

Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase protein: viral attachment protein, responsible for hemadsorption & hemagglutination.
Fusion protein: fusion if host and viral membranes, promotes syncytium formation.

67
Q

Serotypes of PIV causing laryngotracheobronchitis

A

HPIV-1 & HPIV-2

68
Q

Disaeses caused by PIV in children and adults

A

C: LRT (croup, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia)
A: URT (common cold)

69
Q

Inflammation of vocal cords leads to …..

A

Inspiratory stridor

70
Q

Does viremia occur with PIV?

A

No

71
Q

Diagnostic specimens of PIV

A

Nasal washes, nasopharyngeal aspirate & bronchoalveolar lavage

72
Q

Mention the CPE of PIV

A

Syncytia formation

Respiratory Microbiology (3 decks)

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