Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Question 1

What type of flora is Streptococcus Viridans?

Answer 1

Normal URT Flora

Question 2

What type of flora is Neisseria spp?

Answer 2

Normal URT Flora

Question 3

What type of flora are diptheroids?

Answer 3

Normal URT Flora

Question 4

What type of flora are anaerobes?

Answer 4

Normal URT Flora

Question 5

How can respiratory pathogens be carried in the body?

Answer 5

Asymptomatic

Question 6

What type of pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 6

Respiratory

Question 7

What type of pathogen is Moraxella catarrhalis?

Answer 7

Respiratory

Question 8

What type of pathogen is Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 8

Respiratory

Question 9

Is the common cold viral or bacterial?

Answer 9

Viral

Question 10

What common cold virus is especially viral?

Answer 10

Rhinovirus

Question 11

What should you never use to treat the common cold?

Answer 11

Antibiotics

Question 12

What is Rhinosinusitis?

Answer 12

Inflammation in one or more paranasal sinuses

Question 13

How is Rhinosinusitis caused?

Answer 13

Post viral inflammation:
> Streptococcus pneumonia
> Haemophilius Influenzae
> Streptococcus milleri
> Anaerobes
> Fungal

Question 14

What are the symptoms of Rhinosinusitis?

Answer 14

> Runny nose
Blocked nose
Loss of sense of smell

Question 15

What are the chronic sinus complications of Rhinosinusitis?

Answer 15

> Osteomyelitis
Meningitis
Cerebral abscesses

Question 16

How are Rhinosinusitis complications imaged?

Answer 16

X-ray, CT or MRI. Sinus washout

Question 17

How is Rhinosinusitis treated?

Answer 17

If Viral = NO ANTI’Bs

If bacterial = ANTI’Bs

Question 18

What bacteria primarily causes Pharyngitis/tonsillitis?

Answer 18

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Question 19

What are the symptoms/signs of Pharyngitis/tonsillitis?

Answer 19

> Headache
> Red uvular/tonsillar area
> Dysphagia 
> Fever 
> Lymphadenopathy

Question 20

In whom is Group A streptococcal infection common in?

Answer 20

Children

Question 21

What complications occur in Group A streptococcal infection?

Answer 21

Acute glomerulonephritis/Rheumatic fever/ Scarlet fever.

Question 22

How is RF in Group A streptococcal infections prevented?

Answer 22

Using penicillin

Question 23

What virus is responsible for infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 23

Epstein-Barr Virus

Question 24

What complications can infectious mononucleosis cause?

Answer 24

Splenic rupture

Question 25

What should be avoided in infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 25

Ampicillin

Question 26

What is the characteristic sign of Diptheria?

Answer 26

Bulls throat (swollen)

Question 27

What three things can be used to treat Diptheria?

Answer 27

> Erythromycin > Penicillin > Antitoxin

Question 28

Why may epiglottis be a medical emergency?

Answer 28

It may close off the trachea.

Question 29

What is the presentation of epiglottitis?

Answer 29

Cellulitis of epiglottis - airway obstruction.

Question 30

In whom is epiglottitis most prevalent?

Answer 30

Child 2-4 years.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?

Answer 31

``` > Fever > Drooling > Irritableness > Dysphagia > Dysarthria > Stridor > Hoarseness ```

Question 32

What would a lateral neck X ray in epiglottitis show?

Answer 32

An enlarged epiglottis

Question 33

What was the aetiology of epiglottitis before immunisation?

Answer 33

Haemophilius Influenzae type B

Question 34

What is Cefotaxime used to treat?

Answer 34

Epiglottitis

Question 35

How does Acute Laryngitis present?

Answer 35

``` > Hoarse/husky voice > Globus pharynges (feeling of lump in throat) > Dysphagia > Myalgia > Fever ```

Question 36

What bacteria causes Whooping cough?

Answer 36

Bordatella Pertussis

Question 37

What type of bacteria is Bordatella pertussis?

Answer 37

Gram -ve, coccobacillus.

Question 38

How long is the incubation period for whooping cough?

Answer 38

1-3 weeks

Question 39

What are the initial symptoms of Whooping cough?

Answer 39

> Fever > Malaise > Runny nose

Question 40

What are the later symptoms of Whooping cough?

Answer 40

> Dry non productive cough | > Whooping/paroxysms

Question 41

What antibiotic is used to treat Whooping cough?

Answer 41

Erythromycin

Question 42

What are the complications of Whooping cough ?

Answer 42

> Otitis Media > Convulsions > Secondary pneumonia > Subconjunctival haemorrhage

Question 43

How can Whooping cough be prevented?

Answer 43

Immunisation

Question 44

What is Otitis Externa (OE)?

Answer 44

Infection of the external ear canal

Question 45

What are the symptoms of Otitis Externa (OE)?

Answer 45

``` > Pain > Itching > Swelling > Erythema > Otorrhoea (ear discharge) ```

Question 46

What infection do S.Aureus and Pseudomonas Spp cause?

Answer 46

Acute Otitis Externa

Question 47

What is the treatment of Acute Otitis Externa?

Answer 47

> Wick into ear | > Topical drops - antifungals etc

Question 48

What can Chronic Otitis Externa lead to?

Answer 48

Perforated Tympanic membrane

Question 49

What are the symptoms of Chronic Otitis Externa?

Answer 49

> Itchy | > Irritation from drainage.

Question 50

What are some of the contraindications for Chronic Otitis Externa?

Answer 50

Avoid aminoglycosides.

Question 51

What bacteria causes malignant Otitis Externa?

Answer 51

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Question 52

Who is affected by malignant Otitis Externa?

Answer 52

> Elderly > Diabetics > Immunosuppressed

Question 53

What are the symptoms of malignant Otitis Externa?

Answer 53

Pain and otorrhoea

Question 54

Where may malignant OE invade?

Answer 54

Bone, cartilage and blood vessels.

Question 55

What does malignant OE have to infect to become life threatening?

Answer 55

> Meninges > Base of skull > Temporal bone > Brain

Question 56

What is used to initially treat malignant Otitis Externa?

Answer 56

Ceftazidime

Question 57

What is used after Ceftazidime to treat malignant OE?

Answer 57

Ciprofloxacin

Question 58

What is Otitis Media?

Answer 58

Middle ear infection

Question 59

How does Otitis Media present?

Answer 59

Fluid in the middle ear.

Question 60

In whom is Otitis Media common?

Answer 60

Children

Question 61

What are the symptoms of Otitis Media?

Answer 61

> Impaired hearing > Fever > Pain > Red, bulging tympanic membrane

Question 62

What three viruses can cause Otitis Media? (Hint: Shakin ma head)

Answer 62

> S. Pneumoniae > M. Catarrhalis > H. Influenzae

Question 63

What is Mastoiditis?

Answer 63

Mastoid air cell infection secondary to middle ear infection.

Question 64

How does Mastoiditis present?

Answer 64

Pus collects in cells, may --> bone necrosis.

Question 65

What are the symptoms of Mastoiditis?

Answer 65

> Acute otitis media | > Mastoid pain and swelling

Question 66

How is mastoiditis treated?

Answer 66

> If gram -ve's use Co-amoxiclav.