UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION Flashcards
is an inflammation and irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose
may be acute or chronic, and allergic or nonallergic
RHINITIS
2 Classification of allergic Rhinitis
- Seasonal
- perrenial
What is a pollen allergic rhinitis?
Pollen Season
What is a perrenial allergic rhinitis?
through out the years
Rhinitis variety factors
- ## changes in temperature or humidityOdors
-Infection
-Age
-systemic disease - use of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescribed nasal decongestants
- presence of a foreign body
Foods that allows allergic rhinitis to occur: (exposure to allergens)
- peanuts
- walnuts
- Brazil nuts
- wheat
- shellfish
- soy
- cow’s milk
- eggs
Medications that allows allergic rhinitis to occur:
- penicillin
- sulfa medications
- aspirin
clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis:
- rhinorrhea (excessive nasal drainage, runny nose)
- nasal congestion
- nasal discharge (purulent with bacterial rhinitis)
- sneezing
- pruritus of the nose, roof of the mouth, throat, eyes, and ears
- Headache may occur, particularly if rhinosinusitis is also present
mOst common treatment of allergic rhinitis
Antihistamines
for nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis
oral decongestants
Solution used in allergic rhinitis
Saline nasal spray
Severe congestion
Intra nasal corticosteroids
Patients education in allergic rhinitis
- Avoid or reduce exposure to allergens and irritants
- Instruct the importance of controlling the environment at home and at work
- Review hand hygiene technique in case of infection
- Review the importance of influenza vaccination each year – older adults and high risk populations
Most frequent viral infection in the general population. Also known as common cold
VIRAL RHINITIS
Refers to an infectious, acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
COMMON COLD
VIRAL RHINITIS IS CHARACTERIZED BY:
- nasal congestion
- rhinorrhea
- sneezing
- sore throat
- general malaise
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL RHINITIS
- low-grade fever
- nasal congestion
- rhinorrhea and nasal discharge
- halitosis
- sneezing
- tearing watery eyes, “scratchy” or sore throat
- general malaise
- Chills
- headache and muscle aches
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL RHINITIS: (SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY)
- adequate fluid intake
- Rest
- prevention of chilling
- expectorants as needed
- Warm salt-water gargles soothe the sore throat
- nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Antihistamines
- Petroleum jelly can soothe irritated, chapped, and raw skin around the nares
An inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
RHINOSINUSITIS (SINUSITIS)
2 CLASSIFICATION OF RHINOSINUSISTIS
- Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS)
- Acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVRS)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ABRS
- purulent nasal drainage (anterior, posterior, or both)
- nasal obstruction or a combination of facial pain, pressure, or a sense of fullness
- cloudy or colored nasal discharge congestio
- blockage, or stuffiness
GOAL OF ABRS (MEDICAL MANAGEMNT)
- to shrink the nasal mucosa
- relieve pain
- treat infection
- antibiotic - Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
- Intranasal saline lavage
an inflammation of the larynx, often occurs as a result of voice abuse or exposure to dust, chemicals, smoke, and other pollutants or as part of a URI
LARYNGITIS
LARYNGITIS IS CAUSED BY:
- isolated infection involving only the vocal cords
- gastroesophageal reflux (referred to as reflux laryngitis).
AVRS MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OR GOAL
- Nasal saline lavage
- Decongestants
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF LARYNGITIS
- hoarseness or aphonia (loss of voice)
- severe cough
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LARYNGITIS
- resting the voice
- avoiding irritants (including smoking)
- resting and inhaling cool steam or an aerosol.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF LARYNGITIS:
- rest the voice
- maintain a well humidified environment
- expectorant
- daily fluid intake of 2 to 3 L - thin secretions
- proton pump inhibitors
using continuous positive airway therapy at bedtime
is a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx, the back portion of the throat that includes the posterior third of the tongue, soft palate, and tonsils.
ACUTE PHARYNGITIS (SORE THROAT)
CAUSES OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
- groups B and G streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and HIV
- group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS)/group A streptococcus (GAS) or streptococcal pharyngitis.
RESPONSIBLE VIRUSES OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
- adenovirus
- influenza virus
BARR VIRUS
EPSTEIN
Bacterial infection accounts for the remainder of cases
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
pain, fever, vasodilation, edema, tissue damage
(redness, and swelling in the tonsillar pillars, uvula and soft palate
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTIONS OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
- fiery-red pharyngeal membrane and tonsils
- lymphoid follicles that are swollen and flecked with white-purple exudate
- enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes, and no cough
- Fever (higher than 38.3°C [101°F])
- Malaise
- sore throat
uses swabs that collect specimen from posterior pharynx and tonsils
-90-95% sensitive
RAPID ANTIGEN DETECTION TESTING (RADT)
DIAGNOSTIC OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
THROAT CULTURE
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS (MEDICAL MANAGEMENT)
VIRAL PHARYNGITIS
penicillin (treatment of choice), cephalosporins
and macrolides (MEDICAL MANAGEMENT)
BACTERIAL PHARYNGITIS
WHAT IS THE NUTRITIONAL THERAPY OF ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
LIQUID OR SOFT DIET
