Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

1. which ribs are true ribs and why?
2. which ribs are false ribs and why?
3. which ribs are floating ribs and why?

Answer 1

1. ribs 1-7. Articulate directly with sternum
2. 8-10. Articulate indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage
3. 11 and 12. Do not connect to the sternum

Question 2

1. Name the 4 muscles involved in inspiration
2. Name the 5 muscles involved in expiration
3. , What occurs during inspiration?
4. what occurs during expiration?

Answer 2

1. sternocleidomastoid
   external intercostals
   parasternal intercostals
   diaphragm
2. internal intercostals. External oblique. intetnal oblique. transversus abdominus. rectus abdominis

3. transverse expansion (ribs expand upwards and outwards) - mediated by external intercostals
anteroposterior expansion (superior and anterior movement of the sternum)
contraction and descend of diaphragm
volume of thoracic cavity increases thus intrathoracic pressure decreases. Air moves into lungs down pressure gradient

4. during normal, quiet breathing, elastic recoil decreases volume of thoracic cavity and forces air out of the lung
   during forced expiration, abdominal musculature and internal intercostals contract to forcefully decrease the thoracic volume.

Question 3

1. What are the 3 functions of the nose?
2. what are the external apertures of the nose called?
3. what is the nasal cavity lined with?
4. what separates the nasal cavity in two? What does this structure consist of?
5. What does the nasal cavity communicate with posteriorly?
6. what are the shelves of the nasal septum called? How many of these are there?
7. What do the above shelves divide the nasal cavity into?

Answer 3

1. warm, humidify and filter air
   detection of olfactory stimuli
   modifying speech vibrations/acting as resonating chambers
2. external nares/nostrils
3. muscle and a mucous membrane
4. nasal septum. Consists of hyaline cartilage
5. nasopharynx via the internal nares/chonae
6. conchae. 3 (superior, middle and inferior)
7. meatuses

Question 4

1. name the four paranasal sinuses
2. how are the paranasal sinuses named?
3. which sinuses open into the:
   a) middle meatus (3)
   b) auperior meatus (1)
   c) sphenoethmoidal recess (1)
4. where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

Answer 4

1. ethmoidal, frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary
2. after the bone in which they are found
   3a) frontal, maxillary and ethmoidal
   3b) ethmoidal
   3c) sphenoidal
3. middle meatus

Question 5

1. what is the function of the arterial supply of the nose?
2. why is the capillary bed thick?
3. which aspect is particularly susceptible to produce nose bleeds? Why? What is this area called?

Answer 5

1. plays a big part in warming of air
2. anastomosis of arteries
3. medial aspect. Richly populated with arteries anastomosing from key arteries. Little’s area

Question 6

1. where does the pharynx begin and extend to?
2. what are the functions of the pharynx? (4)
3. which part of the pharynx does the eustacian tube connect with?

Answer 6

1. internal nares/chonae to the level of the cricoid cartilage
2. passageway for air and food
   assists in swallowing
   resonating chamber
   defense (houses tonsils)
3. nasopharynx

Question 7

1. where does the nasopharynx begin and end?
2. which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?
3. what is the histology of the nasopharynx?
4. where does the oropharynx begin and end?
5. which tonsils are located in the oropharynx?
6. what is the histology of the oropharynx?
7. Where does the laryngopharynx begin and end?
8. what is the histology of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 7

1. internal chonae to soft palate
2. pharyngeal
3. pseudostratified cilliated collumnar epithelium
4. soft palate to hyoid bone
5. palatine and lingual
6. non ketatinised stratified squamous epithelium
7. cricoid cartilage to hypid bone
8. non ketatinised stratified squamous epithelim

Question 8

1. at what vertebral level is the larynx found?
2. what are the unpaired cartilages?
3. what are the paired cartilages?
4. what is the histology of the layrnx
   a) superior to the vocal folds
   b) inferior to the vocal folds

Answer 8

1. C4-C6
2. thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis
3. arytenoid, cuneform and corniculate
   4a) non ketatinised stratified squamous epithelium
   4b) psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 9

1. what is the name of the false vocal cords?
2. what is the name of the true vocal cords?
3. what is the name given to the space between the true vocal folds?
4. to which cartilage is the vocal ligament attached to?
5. to which structures are the vocal folds attached to anteriorly and posteriorly?
6. How can the space between the two vocal cords be opened/closed
7. How is tension adjusted in the vocal folds?

Answer 9

1. vestibular folds
2. vocal folds
3. rima glottis
4. arytenoid
5. anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly ro the arytenoid cartilage
6. movement of arytenoid cartilages and associated fibroelastic membranes
7. contraction/relaxation of intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Question 10

1. At what vertebral level does the trachea divide?
2. what is the histology of the trachea?
3. What is the anatomical relation of the trachea to the oesophagus
4. how does the arrangement of the right bronchus compare to the left? What is the clinical relevance of this?

Answer 10

1. T5
2. pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelia
3. anterior to oesophagus
4. right bronchus is more vertical than left. Aspirated object is more likely to enter and lodge into right bronchus