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Respiratory system > Upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

Upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 signs of respiratory distress?

A 
Tachypnea.
Nasal flaring.
Cyanosis.
Chest retractions.
Use of accessory muscles.
Expiratory grunting.
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2
Q

Inspiratory stridor can be heard in?

A

croup

laryngomalacia

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3
Q

When auscultating a patient with croup what do you hear?

A

inspiratory stridor

crackles or rales

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4
Q

How to measure oxygen saturation in a patient?

A

Arterial blood gas: invasive.

Pulse oximetry: non-invasive

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5
Q

What causes epiglottis?

A

acute inflammation and edema of epiglottis that is caused by HIB Now it is rare, due to routine vaccination

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6
Q

At what age do we suspect epiglottis?

A

2-7 yrs.

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7
Q

List the clinical features of epiglottis ?

A

high-grade fever (bacterial infection)
muffled speech
dysphagia with drooling
sitting in tripod position with neck hyperextension.

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8
Q

Investigations of epiglottis?

A

CBC (leukocytosis)
blood culture (positive if it is caused by HIB)
chest X-ray shows the thumb sign

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9
Q

Why is a bronchoscopy contraindicated in epiglottis?

A

because airway obstruction and respiratory arrest can occur at any moment

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10
Q

Management of epiglottis?

A

patient is intubated and given IV 3rd generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone).

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11
Q

Definition of croup?

A

It is an inflammation of larynx, trachea and bronchi

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12
Q

At what age croup occurs?

A

3 months to 3 years

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13
Q

most common cause of croup?

A

parainfluenza virus

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14
Q

clinical features of croup?

A

low-grade fever (viral infection)
inspiratory stridor
barky cough
sometimes crackles

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15
Q

Investigations of croup?

A

anterior-posterior view of neck X-ray will show the steeple sign.

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16
Q

Management of croup ?

A 
mainly supportive (cool mist and fluids)
Hospitalization is only indicated for children in respiratory distress.
17
Q

Bacterial tracheitis causative organism?

A

S.aureus

18
Q

Clinical features of Bacterial tracheitis?

A

high-grade fever(bacterial)
mucus and pus in trachea
stridor

19
Q

Management of Bacterial tracheitis?

A

endotracheal intubation
IV anti-staphylococcal antibiotics
(oxacillin) → if there is resistance, vancomycin will be given.

20
Q

why do infants have a higher risk for respiratory insufficiency?

A

They have smaller air passages that are less compliant but a more compliant chest wall

21
Q

Alveolar development continues till what age?

A

90% of alveolar development occurs after birth (until age of 8)

22
Q

when is a cough considered chronic?

A

> 4 weeks in children

23
Q

Indications for tonsillectomy

A

Recurrent severe tonsillitis (>8 times a year)
Peritonsillar abscess
obstructive sleep apnea (remove adenoids)

24
Q

will a tonsillectomy decrease the risk of pharyngitis?

A

it will NOT decrease risk of pharyngitis

25
Q

what happens in laryngomalacia

A

The laryngeal cartilages are soft and immature, resulting in easy collapse

26
Q

most common cause of stridor in infant

A

Larnygomalacia

27
Q

when does larnygomalacia resolve

A

Resolves on its own by age 6 – 12 months

28
Q

who are at the greatest risk of Foreign Body Aspiration

A

Children 3 months – 5 years

29
Q

clinical features of AOFB in upper respiratory tract

A

History of choking (not 100% present)
Laryngotracheal foreign bodies = extrathoracic
Cough, hoarseness, inspiratory stridor

30
Q

Management of AOFB

A

Basic life support (C, A, B)
If choking, do what you learned in CPR, which is 5 back slaps followed by 5 chest compressions using 2 fingers on the lower half of sternum – do 5 cycles, then activate ERS
Natural cough may allow effective expulsion of object
If it remains, must be removed by bronchoscopy

31
Q

DDx of stridor

A

Croup
Epiglottitis
Bacterial tracheitis

32
Q

What causes an angioneurotic edema?

A

allergy

33
Q

Causes of otitis media

A

S.penumoniea
H.influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

34
Q

causes of tonsillitis

A

strep pyogenes group A

Respiratory system (1 decks)

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