Upper Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

Recurrent episodes of airway obstruction leading to reduction in ventilation when asleep

Answer 1

Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 2

Risk factors
(O,M,P,U)

Answer 2

Obesity
Male
Post-menopausal status
Unstable respiratory nerves

Question 3

Pathophysiology (OSA)
D,P,U,O

Answer 3

1. Decrease upper airway muscle tone
2. Pharynx is compressed by surrounding tissues
3. Upper airway collapse (pharynx)
4. Obstruction

Question 4

Classical Signs and Symptoms (3S) for OSA

Answer 4

Snoring with breathing cessation
Sleepiness during day time
SO reports of sleep apneic episodes
Thick neck circumference

Question 5

Diagnostic Procedure for OSA
(P,E,E,R)

Answer 5

Polysomnogram test (sleep study test) - definitive
Electroencephalogram
Electrooculogram
Respiration

Question 6

Medical management for OSA
(W,A,P,O,C,O)

Answer 6

Weight loss
Avoidance of alcohol and sedatives
Positional therapy – lateral, raise one arm/ side lying position
Oral appliances – mandibular advancement devices;
CPAP or BPAP
Oxygen inhalation

Question 7

Surgical Management for osa
T,U,M,N,T

Answer 7

Tonsillectomy
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Maxillomandibular advancement/ surgery
Nasal septoplasty
Tracheostomy