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Year 3 - Anatomy, Muscoskeletal > Upper limb lectures > Flashcards

Upper limb lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior wall of axilla is formed by?

A

> Pectoralis major muscles

> Pectoralis minor muscle

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2
Q

Posterior wall of axilla is formed by?

A

Latissimus dorsi muscle

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3
Q

Medial wall of axilla is formed by?

A

> The thoracic wall

> Serratus anterior muscle

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4
Q

Lateral wall of axilla is formed by?

A

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

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5
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

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6
Q

At which anatomical point does the axillary artery begin?

A

Outer border of the 1st rib

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7
Q

The axillary artery begins beyond the axilla as which vessel?

A

The brachial artery

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8
Q

At which anatomical position does the brachial artery begin?

A

The lower border of the teres major

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9
Q

If there is profuse bleeding of the upper limb what could be done?

A

Compression of the axillary artery

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10
Q

If there is enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes what does this indicate?

A

An infection of the upper limb

Or indication of breast cancer in the lateral quadrant of the breast

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11
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

A major network of nerves which innervate the upper limb

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12
Q

Which nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

The ventral rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

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13
Q

Which nerve roots form the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C5 and C6

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14
Q

Which nerve roots form the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C7

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15
Q

Which nerve roots form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?

A

C8 and T1

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16
Q

What is Erb’s point and what is its clinical significance?

A

> A landmark of the brachial plexus on the upper trunk.

> Located about 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the clavicle at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. The point is the location of an angle between the posterolateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicle.

> Electrical stimulation at Erb’s point causes contractions of the biceps, deltoid, and other arm muscles.

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17
Q

Nerve network of the upper limb overview?

A

Roots –> Trunks –> Divisions – > Cords –> Terminal branches

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18
Q

What can cause Erb’s palsy?

A

Undue seperation (hyper-extension) of the head from the shoulder:
> Anaesthesia
> Fall on shoulder
> Birth injury

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19
Q

How would an individual present with Erb’s Palsy?

A

“Waiter’s tip appearance”:
> Upper limb medially rotated
> Flexed wrist

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20
Q

Which nerves are affected in Erb’s palsy?

A

Ventral nerve roots C5, C6:
> Suprascapular nerve
> Musculocutaneous nerve
> Axillary nerv

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21
Q

Which muscle are affected in Erb’s palsy?

A

Atrophy of :
> Deltoid muscle
> Biceps brachii muscle
> Brachialis muscle

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22
Q

Injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is called?

A

Klumpke’s palsy

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23
Q

Klumpke’s palsy - Muscles affected?

A

> Intrinsic muscles of the hand

> Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers

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24
Q

Klumpke’s palsy - Cause?

A

Undue abduction of the arm:

> Hanging injury

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25
Klumpke's palsy - Clinical presentation?
“claw hand,” in which: > The forearm is supinated > The metacarpophalangeal joints are hyperextended > The fingers are flexed
26
In the upper limb the Lateral cord is produced from?
1) Superior trunk (C5, C6) | 2) Middle trunk (C7)
27
In the upper limb the posterior cord is produced from?
1) Superior trunk (C5, C6) 2) Middle trunk (C7) 3) Inferior trunk (C8, T1)
28
In the upper limb the medial cord is produced from?
Inferior trunk (C8, T1)
29
Major branches of the brachial plexus?
1) Musculocutaneous nerve 2) Axillary nerve 3) Radial nerve 4) Median nerve 5) Ulnar nerve
30
Action of the musculocutaneous nerve?
The motor fibers innervate: > Biceps brachii muscle > Coracobrachialis muscle > Brachialis muscle Sensory terminal branch (Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm), it innervates the lateral surface of the forearm.
31
Nerve root source of axillary nerve?
C5, C6
32
Nerve root source of long thoracic nerve?
C5, C6, C7
33
Nerve root source of thoracodorsal nerve?
C6, C7, C8
34
Nerve root source of Subscapular?
C5, C6
35
Which artery is produced from the subclavian artery?
Axillary artery
36
Which artery branches from the axillary artery and passes around the distal humerus?
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
37
Which artery branches from the axillary artery and along the scapular bone?
The sub scapular artery
38
Which branch of the brachial artery passes behind the humerus?
The profunda brachii artery
39
Which artery is produced from the axillary artery?
The brachial artery
40
Which artery is formed by the profunda brachii artery?
Radial recurrent artery
41
What are the two main branches of the brachial artery?
The radial artery and the ulnar artery
42
Which branch of the ulnar artery passes between the radial and ulnar bones?
The anterior interosseous artery
43
Which superficial vein is found over the top of the biceps brachii?
The cephalic vein
44
Which vein is found deep in the upper arm?
The axillary vein
45
Which vein drains into the axillary vein?
The basilic vein
46
Which vein passes along the ulnar bone side?
The basilic vein
47
Which vein connects the cephalic and basilic vein?
The median cubital vein
48
Which vein passes along the radial bone?
The cephalic vein
49
Which vein is not always present in the upper limb?
The median cubital vein
50
The pulses of the upper limb?
``` > The axillary pulse > Brachial pulse, mid arm > Brachial pulse in the cubital fossa > Radial pulse > Ulnar pulse in distal forearm > Radial pulse in the anatomical snuffbox ```
51
Type of the joint is the AC joint?
Synovial plane
52
Type of the joint is the SC joint?
Synovial saddle
53
Type of the joint is the GH joint?
Synovial ball and socket
54
What is important for shoulder movement?
Scapular movement
55
Movements of the scapula?
``` > Elevation > Depression > Adduction (Retraction) > Abduction (Protraction) > Upward rotation > Downward rotation ```
56
Muscles of the pectoral girdle?
> Trapezius > Latissimus dorsi > Serratus anterior
57
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the elevation of the scapular?
1) Descending (superior) trapezius* 2) Levator scapulae 3) Rhomboids
58
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the depression of the scapular?
1) Ascending (Inferior) trapezius* 2) Pectoralis minor 3) Serratus anterior (Inferior part)
59
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the abduction (Protraction) of the scapular?
1) Serratus anterior* | 2) Pectoralis minor
60
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the adduction (Retraction) of the scapular?
1) Middle trapezius* 2) Rhomboids 3) Latissimus dorsi
61
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the upwards rotation of the scapular, elevation glenoid cavity?
1) Descending (Superior) trapezius* 2) Serratus anterior (inferior part)* 3) Inferior trapezius
62
Which muscles of the shoulder allow the downwards rotation of the scapular, depressing glenoid cavity?
1) Latissimus dorsi* 2) Levator scapulae 3) Rhomboids 4) Pectoralis minor
63
What is the articulating surface of the scapular in which the humerus sits in?
The glenoid cavity
64
What is the role of the fibrocartilage role within the joint?
Acts as a shock absorber. Can be damaged with repetitive movement
65
What makes the glenoid cavity deeper?
The labrum
66
What can be found on the surface of the proximal humerus in the GH joint?
Articular cartilage
67
Which ligaments are attached to the acromium process?
1) Coracoacromial ligament 2) Coracoclavicular ligament 3) Coracohumeral ligament
68
Which ligaments are attached to the proximal humerus?
1) Glenohumeral ligament | 2) Coracohumeral ligament
69
What are the bursae in the shoulder?
1) Subacromial bursa 2) Subcoracoid bursa 3) Subscapular bursa
70
Which bursa is usually continuous with the synovial cavity of the glenohumeral joint cavity?
The subscapular bursa
71
Muscles of the rotator cuff?
1) Supraspinatus 2) Subscapularis 3) Infraspinatus 4) Teres minor
72
Which degree of movement is there in abduction of the shoulder and how is this achieved?
> 180 degrees > First 120 degrees is achieved by movement of the humerus > The rest of the 60 degrees is made up from rotation of the scapula
73
Which movements do the biceps brachii muscle perform?
1) Flex the shoulder 2) Flex the elbow 3) Supinates the forearm
74
Which movements do the brachialis muscle perform?
Flexes the elbow
75
Which movements do the coracobrachialis muscle perform?
1) Flexes the shoulder | 2) Adducts the shoulder joint
76
Which nerve stimulates the Biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles?
The musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6 and C7
77
Which nerve stimulates the Biceps brachii muscle?
The musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6 and C7
78
Which nerve stimulates the brachialis muscle?
The musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6 and C7
79
Which nerve stimulates the coracobrachialis muscle?
The musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6 and C7
80
Which head of the biceps brachii is found more medial?
The biceps brachii short head
81
Which head of the biceps brachii is found more lateral?
The biceps brachii long head
82
Which muscle is the main extensor of the elbow joint?
The triceps brachii
83
Which head of the triceps attaches to the scapula?
The Triceps brachii longus
84
Which head of the triceps is found most lateral?
The triceps brachii lateral
85
Which head of the triceps is found most medial?
The triceps brachii medius
86
What is found between the smooth "horse shoe section" of the triceps brachii?
The triceps brachii tendon
87
Which ligament does the radius sit and rotate within?
The angular ligament of the radius
88
Which ligament is found of the lateral aspect of the elbow joint?
The radial collateral ligament
89
Which ligament is found of the medial aspect of the elbow joint?
The ulnar collateral ligament, Three parts: 1) Posterior 2) Transverse 3) Anterior
90
Where does the tendon of the triceps tendon attach?
The olecranon process of the ulna bone
91
Where does the radius sit on the ulna bone?
The radial notch within the annular ligament
92
What is the large groove like aspect of the proximal ulna that forms the elbow joint?
The trochlear notch
93
Which aspect of the radial bone sits in the radial notch of the ulna?
The radial tuberosity
94
Dorsal muscles?
1) Trapezius 2) Levator scapulae 3) Rhomboids 4) Latissimus dorsi
95
The role of the ventral musculature (Pectoralis major and serrates anterior)?
Adduction of the shoulder Serratus anterior also plays a role in the protraction of the scapulae
96
The main role the deltoid on the shoulder?
Involved in almost all movements of the arm at the glenohumeral joint. Chiefly, abduction of the shoulder
97
The main roles of the short scapular muscles: Posterior group on the shoulder (Supraspinatus,, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major)?
1) Abduction | 2) Lateral rotation
98
The main roles of the short scapular muscles: anterior group on the shoulder (Subscapularis)?
Internal: Medial rotation
99
Muscles in flexion of the elbow?
1) Biceps brachii = Antagonist of the triceps brachii and allows supination of the forearm 2) Brachialis = Powerful flexor 3) Brachioradialis = Strong flexor only in the mid position
100
Which movements is the radius involved in which the ulna is not?
Articulating at the superior and inferior radioulnar joint the radius is able to move around the ulna allowing supination and pronation
101
Which muscles antagonise the supination of the forearm?
1) Pronator teres | 2) Pronator quadratus

Year 3 - Anatomy, Muscoskeletal (4 decks)

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