Upper Limb

Question 1

What are the different regions of the hand and how many bones are there?

Answer 1

•27 bones 
•three regions:
Phalanges (14)
Metacarpals (5)
Carpals (8)

Question 2

Name the carpal bones

Answer 2

Distal row:
•Hamate
•Capitate
•Trapezoid
•Trapezium 

Proximal Row:
•Pisiform 
•Triquetral
•Lunate
•scaphoid 

They form an anterior arch which is the carpal tunnel

Question 3

How are the metacarpals numbered and what are the sesamoid bones

Answer 3

• thumb is one (starting laterally)

* they are to protect the tendon from wear and tear

Question 4

What are the different hand joints

Answer 4

• interphalangeal joints are Synovial hinge joints

* metacarpophalangeal joints are synovial saddle for the thumb

Question 5

Parts of the radius

Answer 5

• Long bone
• the proximal end is smaller and has a head, neck and tuberosity (this provides attachment for the biceps)
• distal end is wider and articulates with wrist joint

Question 6

Parts of the Ulna

Answer 6

• slightly longer than the radius
• located medially on the forearm
• proximal ulna is larger (important features which contribute to the elbow)
• in the proximal part there is the olecranon, Coronoid process, trochlear notch and radio notch

Question 7

What to the olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch and radial notch do?

Answer 7

• all on the proximal ulna
• olecranon process is the point of attachment for triceps and retracts when the elbow is extended
• coronoid process is for insertion of the brachialis muscle
• radial notch is a shallow indentation that articulates with the head of the radius
• trochlear notch is a crescent shape which articulates with the trochlear of the humerus

Question 8

Radio ulnar joints

Answer 8

• Proximal radio ulnar joint is the synovial pivot joint where the movement is pronation and supination
• distal radioulnar joint is a synovial pivot one

Question 9

Proximal humorous features

Answer 9

• Articulates with the glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint
• Synovial ball and socket joint
• head of humerus: large and faces up and articulates with glenohumeral joint
• anatomical neck: forms sight constriction below the margin of the head
• surgical neck: narrowing where the head joints the shaft
• greater tuberosity: acts as a point of attachment for muscles and is a prominent projection on postero lateral aspect of head
• lesser tuberosity: smaller point of attachment and attaches to muscle
• bicipital groove: a narrow channel and conveys tendon

Question 10

What are the deltoid tuberosity, spiral groove and nutrient foremen on the humerous

Answer 10

• the Deltoid tuberosity attaches to the deltoid muscle
• spiral groove transmits radial nerve
• nutrient foramen allows small blood vessels to pass through

Question 11

Features of distal extremity of humerous

Answer 11

• Capitulum: smaller and articulates with radial head
• trochlear: larger and articulates with trochlear notch
• radial and coranoid fossa: they accommodate the coronoid process and the radial head during elbow flexion
• olecranon fossa: accommodated olecranon process
• ulnar groove: transmits ulnar nerve