Upper Limb Flashcards
1
Q
Which muscles insert in the greater tubercle of the humerus
A
- supraspinatus > superior facet
- infraspinatus > middle facet
- teres minor > inferior facet
2
Q
Which kind of bones insert in the lower portion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus
A
Flexor muscles
3
Q
Which kind of bones insert into the anterior and lateral surfaces of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
A
Extensor muscles
4
Q
What are the non articular components of the distal epiphysis of the humerus
A
- 2 prominences: lateral and medial epicondyles
- 3 fossae: olecranon (posterior surface above the trochlea), radial (anterior surface, above the capitulum) and coronoid (anterior surface above the trochlea) fossae
5
Q
What is the condyle of the humerus and what structures compose it?
A
Artciular surface at the distal epiphysis of the humerus:
- capitulum: lateral, articulates with radius
- trochlea: medial, articulates with ulna
6
Q
Which are the processes of the scapula?
A
- spine
- acromion
- coracoid
7
Q
Which are the rotator cuff muscles
A
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- subscapularis
8
Q
Serratus anterior
A
- Origin: anterolateral aspect of the thorax, extrenal surface from 1° to 9° rib
- Insertion: antero-medial border of the scapula
- Action: abduction and upwards rotation of the scapula
9
Q
Trapezius
A
- Origin: occipital bone and spinous processes of the vertebral bodies from C7 to T12
- Insertion: acromial end of the clavicle, aromion and spine of the scapula
- Action:
1. Upper: elevation + upwards rotation scapula, lateral flexion - extension -contralateral rotation neck
2. Lower: downwards rotation + adduction + depression of the scapula
3. Middle: upwards rotation + adduction scapula
lateral flexion + contralateral rotation only if 1/2 contracted
10
Q
Rhomboid Major & Minor
A
- Origin:
1. Minor: ligamentum nuchae + spinous processes 2 lower cervical vertebrae C7-T1
2. Major: spinous processes 4 upper thoracic vertebrae T2-T5 - Insertion: medial border of the scapula (close to the spine for minor and below for major)
- Action: downwards rotation + adduction + elevation scapula
11
Q
Pectoralis Minor
A
- Origin: from 2° to 5° rib
- Insertion: coracoid process of the scapula
- Action:
1. depression + ventral tilt of the scapula
2. elevation of ribs 2 to 5
origin anterior ends of third to fifth ribs.
12
Q
Levator Scapulae
A
- Origin: transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae
- Insertion: superior angle and medial border of the scapula superior to spine
- Action:
1. elevation + downwards rotation scapula
2. lateral flexion + ipsilateral rotation cervical spine
transverse processes C1-C2 posterior tubercle transverse processes C3-C4
13
Q
Terese Major
A
- Origin: inferior angle of the scapula
- Insertion: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus by means of a strong broad tendon
- Action: internal rotation + adduction + extension of the glenohumeral joint
14
Q
Deltoid
A
- Origin: acromial end of the clavicle, the acromion process, and the spine of the scapula
- Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
- Action: abduction of the glenohumeral joint
1. Anterior deltoid: flexion + horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint
2. Posterior deltoid: extension + horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint
15
Q
Supraspinatus
A
- Origin: supraspinous fossa of the scapula
- Insertion: uppermost facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Action: abduction of the glenohumeral joint
16
Q
Infraspinatus
A
- Origin: Infraspinous fossa
- Insertion: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Action: extrenal rotation of the glenohumeral joint
17
Q
Teres Minor
A
- Origin: lateral border of the scapula
- Insertion: lower posterior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
- Action: extranl rotation of the glenohumeral joint
18
Q
Subscapularis
A
- Origin: costal surface of scapula
- Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus
- Action: internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint => depending on arm
position flexion / extension / adduction of the glenohumeral joint
19
Q
which are the 5 joints that compose the shoulder?
A
3 true synovial joints:
- scapulo-humeral (glenohumeral) joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- sternoclavicular joint
2 false joints
- subacromial joint (subdeltoid)
- scapulothoracic joint
20
Q
Which kind of joint is the scapulo-humeral joint
A
Ball-and-socket joint = enarthrosis
Is a type of diarthrosis (freely movable joint) –> 3 axes and 3 degrees of freedom
21
Q
which angles does the scapulo-humeral joint form?
A
- neck-shapft ange : 135° with the axis of the shaft
- retrotorsion angle : 30° with the frontal plane
22
Q
which ligaments ate involved in the acromio-clavicular joint?
A
- acromio-clavicular ligaments : anterior and posterior
- coroclavicular ligamemts : conoid (medial) and trapezoid (lateral)
23
Q
Which is the only joint thta connects the upper extremity directly with the thorax
A
Sterno-clavicular joint
24
Q
which structure connects thw clavicles to each other?
A
interclavicular ligaments
25
which structure connects the clavicle to the sternum?
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments?
26
which structure connects the clavicle to the first ribs?
costoclavicular ligaments
27
What are the components of the subdeltoid joint?
- The lower surface is composed of the humeral head and rotator cuff
- The upper surface is composed of the inner portion of the deltoid muscle
- Inside there is the sub-deltoid bursa
28
Which are the 2 "spaces" of the scapulo-thoracic joint?
1. between scapula and serratus muscle
2. between the thoracic wall and serratus muslce
29
Coraco-humeral ligament
- from coracoid process of the scapula
- to greater and lesser tuberle of the humerus
- forms a tunnel for the tendon of the long ead of the biceps brachii
30
Capsular ligament
= superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments
- from glenoid cavity and labrum
- form capsular thickenings
- attached to neck and lesser tubercle of humerus
31
Which ligaments support the arm and limit extrenal rotation in the lower ranges of abduction?
coracohumeral, superior and middle glenohumeral ligament
32
Which structure dose the inferior glenohumeral ligament form and what is its role?
- froms a hammock-like sling with anterior and posterior bands around head of the humerus
- is the main stabilised of the aBDucted shoulder
33
Which are the 2 physiological and not anatomical joints of the shoulder?
- subacromial joint
- scapulo-thoracic joint
34
Which muscle is clinically releavnt for shoulder pain?
Levator scapulae
35
Pectoralis Major
- Origin: clavicle (sternal half), sternum, costal cartilages of the second to seventh ribs, and the aponeurosis over the abdominal muscles
- Insertion: crest of the greater tuberosity of the humerus (area several inches long)
- Action:
1. adduction + internal rotation glenohumeral joint
2. clavicular head performs flexion of glenohumeral joint
36
Latissimus Dorsi
- Origin: spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae from T-6 downward, crest of ilium (posterior portion) and lowest ribs
- Insertion: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus (proximal to that of the teres major)
- Action:
1. interanal rotation + extension + adduction of glenohumeral joint
2. scapular depression
37
which muscles are involved in interanl roation of the shoulder?
- subscapularis
- teres major
- latissimus dorsi
- pectoralis major
38
which muscles are involved in external rotation of the shoulder?
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
39
which muscles are involved in scapular aBDuction of the shoulder?
- serratus anterior
40
which muscles are involved in scapular aDDuction of the shoulder?
- rhomoid
- trapezius
41
Which is the main bone involeved in the arm?
the humerus
42
Which muslces act on the arm?
3 anteriorly
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- coracobrachilias
1 posteriorly
- triceps
1. long head
2. lateral head
3. medial head
43
which joint is the mechanical link between the upper arm (1° segment) and the forearm (2° segment)
elbow joint
44
What are the bony components of the elbow joint?
- distal epiphysis of the humerus
- proximal epiphysis of the radius
- proximal epiphysis of the ulna
45
Which are the ligaments of the the elbow and their fibers ?
- medial collateral ligament
1. anterior fibers
2. posterior fibers
3. transverse fibers of Cooper's ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
1. anterior fibers
2. intermediate fibers
3. posterior fibers
46
What are theh flexor muscle of the elbow?
Primary :
- brachialis
- brachio-radialis
- biceps brachii
Accessory:
- extrensor carpi radialis longus
- pronator teres
47
Bracho-radialis
- Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
- Insertion: styloid process of the radius
- Action:
1. flexor of the elbow
2. superinator only in extreme pronation
3. pronator only in extreme supination
48
Which muscles allow the extension of the elbow?
Primary: Triceps brachii
Accessory: Aconeus
49
Triceps Brachii
- Origin:
1. Medial head: form posterior surface of humerus, below levele of spiral groove for radial nerve
2. Lateral head: mainly from lateral border of humerus, above spiral groove for radial nerve
3. long head: form infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
=> all heads converde into common tendon
- Insertion: into olecranon process of the ulna (tendon)
- Action: extension of the elbow
