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Anatomy > Upper limb > Flashcards

Upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Week one and two of development

A
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2
Q

What does hematoxylin stain and what color/

A
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3
Q

Signs of a dislocated humerus at Glenohumeral joint

A

Visibly deformed shoulder

swelling/bruising

pain

tx:

closed reduction, sling, rehab

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4
Q

What are acidic dyes?

A

Negative charge net

proteins

eosin-pink

aniline-blue

Orange g-orange

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5
Q

Minimum distance 2 objects can be apart and still viewed as two separate images

A

Resolution

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6
Q

Growth and Development of Spine ages and areas of ossification

A

4 weeks to 25 years

3 primary centers- Centrum and Neural Arch

5 secondary centers- 1 spinous process

2 transverse process

2- epiphyseal ring

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7
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of x-ray machines?

A

Cheap, wide available

ionizing radiation and images are limited to what they actually show 2D-images, imposed

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8
Q

Can CT imaging be in 2D and 3D?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Name enzymes that contribute to different fertilization events

A

Hyaluronidase- help sperm get through corona radiata

acrosin, esterase, neurominidase help penetrate the zona pellucida

lysosomal enzymes get released into perivitelline space by plasma membrane of oocyte

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10
Q

What is ultrasound particular useful for?

A

Soft tissues

blood flow

real time images

any angle

less expensive

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11
Q

What ADDucts the arm?

Scapulohumeral muscles

A

Teres Major

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12
Q

T1 or T2

A

T1 then T2

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13
Q

What enzyme is secreted from acrosome that helps the passage of sperm through the corona radiata?

A

Hyluronidase

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14
Q

Where is a normal area for implantation?

A
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15
Q

What happens day 8 during implantation?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast erodes endometrium

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16
Q

What is the blood supply of the breast?

A

Internal thoracic artery

lateral thoracic artery

thoracoacromial artery

Posterior intercostal arteries

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17
Q

how does air between the objective lens and the coverslip affect image quality?

A

Decreases resolution

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18
Q

How does the amniotic cavity arise and from which blastocytic tissue it comes from?

A

Embryoblast forms the flat bilaminar plate called the embryonic disc that then divides into two layers, epiblast and amnion, the amniotic cavity forms between the two layers.

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19
Q

Venous Drainage of the Breasts

A

Axillary vein

Internal thoracic vein

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20
Q

What do T2 weighted images show?

A

Bright signal from fluid

intermediate signal from fat

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21
Q

In electron microscopy what are heavy metals and osmium tetroxide used for?

A
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22
Q

What is the point fertilization begins and ends?

A

Begins when the egg and sperm cells first contact each other and ends when parental chromosomes come together and intermingle at metaphase of the first mitosis division of the zygote.

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23
Q

What does CT used to generate an image?

A

Gantry emits rays, computer reads information

give a 3D slice

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24
Q

What histochemical technique would be used in a liver biopsy to assess extent of scar tissue?

A

Mason’s trichrome- connective tissue

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25
Q

What happens day 6 during implantation?

A

Blastocyst attaches

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26
Q

A biopsied material is covered in cryoprotectant and immersed in liquid nitrogen. What step in processing is described?

A

Fixation

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27
Q

Name the most commonly used light microscope?

A

Compound bright field

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28
Q

Indications and Limitations of CT

A

Evaluation of lung -parenchyma, soft tissues of the neck, chest and abdomen

data can be ‘windowed’ post processing

quick, inexpensive imaging for brain

very large and expensive

uses ionizing radiation

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29
Q

What’s the blood supply to the Deltoid?

A

Posterior Circumflex Huméral Artery

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30
Q

Dorsal horn vs Ventral horn?

A

Dorsal- sensory input

Ventral- motor output

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31
Q
A

Flexor retinaculum

Anterior of carpal tunnel

shelters median nerve in carpal tunnel

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32
Q

Name results of fertilization

A
  1. Completes meiosis of oocyte
  2. Restores normal diploid number of chromosomes
  3. Creates genetic variation
  4. determines sex
  5. Initiates cleavage of zygote
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33
Q

What does Nuclear Medicine imaging use?

A

Radiopharmaceuticals/tracers

rates of metabolism/hot spots

diagnose severity or treat a disease

less expensive/more precise than exploratory surgery

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34
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Structures that reflect some sound waves

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35
Q

Clinical test for Teres Major/lower subscapular nerve

A

Arm is ABducted

resistance to adduction

palpate in posterior axillary

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36
Q

What are some Acromion variations?

A

Flat-12%

Curved-56%

Hooked-29%

Convex-3%

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37
Q

Explain which tissues give rise to the primary and secondary umbilical vesicles

A

Yolk sac-

hypoblast is continuous with the exocoelomic membrane, forms roof of exocoelomic cavity. They form the viseral lining of the yolk sac. Primary umbilical vesicles.

It gets bigger and cavities appear deep to cytotrophoblast and superficial to exocoelomic membrane. Then called secondary umbilical vesicle

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38
Q

What contains mixed nerves and splits?

A
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39
Q

Most radiolucent to most radiodense

A

Air- Alex

Fat-Feels

Soft tissue, fluid- Sorry

Fluid- For

Calcium/bone-Condemning

Metal-mammography

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40
Q

What is in the Antebrachial Fascia?

A

Bicipital aponeuosis

Interosseous membrane

Palmar carpal ligament

Flexor and Extensor Retinaculum

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41
Q

CT scanners are now the foundation of what type of imaging?

A

Axial or cross sectional

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42
Q

What is seen we’ll with MRI?

A

Soft tissue contrast

air appears as black

bowel is limited due to gas

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43
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Continuation of the medulla oblongata

conduction pathway

major reflex center

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44
Q

Indications and limitations of Ultrasound

A

Any plane

used for fetus, abdominal organs

heart

not good with gas or stuff behind bone

very safe

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45
Q

Bigger is better with microscope?

A

False

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46
Q

What does Eosin stain and what color?

A
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47
Q

Which step of tissue preparation preserves topographical relations of cellular/tissue contents?

A

Fixation

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48
Q

ID 2 layers of embryonic disc and ID where prechordial plate will form.

A

2 layer: epiblast and hypoblast

prechordial plate is a thickening in the endodermal layer formed by mesododermal cells from the primitive node that migrate rostrally along the midline between ectoderm and endoderm layers

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49
Q

What’s sectioning artifact and staining artifact?

A

Sectioning- scores and tearing nicks/blemishes

staining-precipitates, contamination

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50
Q

Clinical test for Deltoid

A

Arm ABducted more than 15 degrees

apply resistance

middle Deltoid palpated

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51
Q

During an EGD for GERD a biopsy is taken. What histochemical method is the pathologist likely to use?

A

Immunocytochemistry or in situ hybridization

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52
Q

What happens day 9 during implantation?

A

Blood filled lacunae appear

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53
Q

What does white matter in the spinal cord have?

A

Tracts and fasciculi

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54
Q

What do T1-weighted images show?

A

Dark fluid and bright fat

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55
Q

What two clinical tests to access Suprascapular nerve?

A

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus

56
Q

What happens on implantation day 5?

A

Zona pellucida degenerates

57
Q

What is most common stain fixture?

A
58
Q

Which specialized histochemical technique permits the localization of proteins? Nucleic acids?

A

Proteins-antibodies/ immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry

Nucleic acids-in situ hybridization

59
Q
A
  1. Ultrasound
  2. x-ray
  3. Nuclear medicine
  4. MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
  5. CT-computerized tomography
60
Q
A

Dermatome map

61
Q

How is a MRI obtained?

A

H+ protons aligned in random directions

super magnet aligns protons

radiowaves jostle them

then they are turned off

time to realign is measured by scanner

computer makes images

62
Q

What does Periodic acid Schaff stain?

A

Complex carbs

glycoproteins

glycolipids

stain red/purple

63
Q

Steps in electron or light microscope

A
  1. Collection
  2. fixation
  3. Dehydration
  4. clearing agent
  5. Infiltration @ 52-60C- paraffin- light, epoxy resins-electron microscope
  6. embedding
  7. section tissue-microtome
64
Q

Which intercellular structures do hematoxylin and eosin stain?

A

Nucleic acids and proteins

65
Q

Attachments/actions/innervation for Levator Scapulae

A

TP C1-C4

superior angle of scapula

Dorsal scapular

66
Q

MRI vs CT

A

Like CT but better tissue differentiation

67
Q

Most common fracture of the forearm

A

Colles Fracture-falling on outstretched hand

Dinner fork deformity
complete transverse fx of the distal radius- displaced dorsally and in pieces

ulnar styloid process is often broken off

68
Q
A
  1. T12- count, see ribs
  2. L3- count-sometime extra- check with ribs
  3. see rib
  4. inferior articular facet
  5. spinous process
69
Q

What stain is used to ID glycogen?

A

Periodic acid-Schiff PAS

70
Q

What is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in any other media called?

A

Refractive index

71
Q

Attachments/actions/innervation for Latissimus Dorsi

A

SP T7-L5

Thoracolumbar fascia, sacrum, iliac crest ribs 10-12

floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Thoracodorsal

72
Q

CT scanners are moderately expensive, what is another disadvantage?

A

Ionizing radiation

73
Q

Which type of electron microscope permits visualization of surface ultra structure?

A

Scanning electron microscope

74
Q

What is Gray matter?

A

Location of nerve cell bodies

75
Q
A
76
Q

CT of spine good for?

A

Catching small fox, more than x-ray

disc herniation

canal stenosis

bone size and quality for screw insertion

77
Q

What happens day 10 and 11 during implantation?

A

Lacunar networks form

78
Q

Anechoic

A

Structure that transmit sound waves without reflection

79
Q

Intermediate back

Attachments/actions/innervation for Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

SP T11-L2

inferior border of ribs9-12, lateral side

anterior rami T9-T12

80
Q

What does the Circumflex Scapular Artery supply?

A

Teres Major and Teres Minor

81
Q

What is used to produce conventional radiography?

A

Ionizing radiation

82
Q

What does ultrasound use to produce It’s images?

A

Sound waves- crystals

83
Q

One CT is how many X-rays?

A

200

84
Q

Basic principles of image formation X-ray

A

Ionizing radiation

85
Q

Name two meta chromatic dyes that are basic

A

Methylene blue- blue color

toluidine blue-blue color

stain

Sulfates, phosphates and carboxylated rich polysaccharide stain red/purple

86
Q

________ is widely used to diagnose cancers?

A

Immunohistochemistry

87
Q

What are basic dyes?

A

Positive charge

stain nucleic acids

hematoxylin-blue

pyronin g-red

88
Q

Intermediate back muscle

Attachments/actions/innervation for Serratus Posterior Superior

A

SP C7-T3

superior border of ribs 2-5

anterior rami T2-T5

89
Q

What is Myelography used for?

A

Evaluation of nerve roots, spinal cord and dura

Good alternate to MRI for Claustrophobia and metal implants

visualize to subarachnoid space

contrast injected into spinal canal

90
Q

Attachments/actions/blood supply for Trapezius

A

Superior nuchal line

external occipital protuberance

SP C7-T12

lateral 1/3 of clavicle/acromion/spine of scapula

spinal accessory, cranial nerve 11

91
Q

Attachments/actions/innervation for Rhomboid minor

A

Ligamentum nuchae + SP C7-T1

medial border of scapula at spine

dorsal scapular

92
Q

Spine joints are what type of joint?

A

Synovial

93
Q

What is Masson’s Trichrome?

A

Nuclei stain blue/black

cytoplasm and bone stain red

collagen blue-green

“Connective tissue stain”

94
Q
A
95
Q

Identify characteristics of a blastocyst compared to a morula

A

Morula-mass of 16 totipotent cells in a sphere, 3-4 days after fertilization

blastocyst- has a cavity inside the zona pellucida along with an inner mass, 4-5 days after fertilization

96
Q

What happens day 10 during implantation?

A

Blastocyst fully embedded

97
Q

What stain is used in electron microscope?

A

Heavy metals as contrasting agents

osmium tetroxide-fixative and contrast agent

98
Q

When is EPF released?

A

Early blastocyst

99
Q

Immunohistochemistry looks at

A

Cell and tissue protein and labeled antibodies

used to dx cancer

100
Q

Most common image modality in a hospital or local practice?

A

Conventional radiography-xray

101
Q

Most frequently fractured carpal bone

A

Scaphoid.
fall on abducted hand

often missed on X-ray

102
Q

Describe cleavage of the zygote and formation of the blastocyst

A

Repeated mitotic divisions that start about 30 hours after fertilization, little to no growth-cell sized reduced. Cells called blastomeres.

9 cells-ball shape

12-32 blastmeres called morula

103
Q

T1 weighed?

A

Bright Fat

good for vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, nerve root and spinal cord

contrast helps with infectious/inflammatory conditions of spine and seeing spinal tumors

104
Q

In situ hybridation is used to detect?

A

Cancer cells, chromosomsal alterations and response to therapy

105
Q

What happens day 7 during implantation?

A

Trophoblast differentiates

106
Q

MRI are the foundation of what imaging?

A

Nuclear imaging

107
Q

What does the Axillary Nerve innervate?

A

Teres Minor

Deltoid

108
Q

What is weighting?

A

Altering the radio frequency, strength and timing

T1/T2

109
Q

Resolution is ______ related to wavelength illumination

A
110
Q

What is 0.61xlambda/ N.A.?

A
111
Q

What is the total objective of 4x scanning objective 10x eyepiece,

10x objective 10x eyepiece

40x objective 10x eyepiece

A

40x, 100x, 400x

112
Q
A

A-isoechoic

b. hyperechoic
c. anechoic
d. Hypoechoic

113
Q

What happens day 13 and 14 during implantation?

A

Primary chorionic villi develop

114
Q

Attachments/actions/innervation for rhomboid major

A

SP T2-T5

Medial border of scapula below spine

Dorsal scapular

115
Q

What does In situ hybridization look at?

A

Detection of cancer cells, chromosomal alterations, responses to therapy

116
Q

______ is widely used to diagnose cancers

A
117
Q

3 interpretations of histologic sections

A

Hollow tube with swelling

highly coiled tube

sphere and solid cylinder

118
Q

T2 weighted?

A

Weighed toward water- bright on T2, dark on T1

signal intensity related to tissue hydration

high water content better- ex CSF, cysts, intervertebral discs, infection and tumors

good at differentiating normal vs abnormal

119
Q

What happens day 11 and 12 during implantation?

A

Uteroplacental circulation established

120
Q

Basic principles of Computed Tomography

A

Table moves through gantry

generator and detector slice

displayed from an inferior view

121
Q

What does the Suprascapular Artery supply?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

122
Q

Where do para sympathie nerves arise from?

A

CN 3, 7,9,10

S2-4

123
Q

What are some populations that ultrasound is recommended?

A

Pregnant women, fetuses, children

124
Q

Where/when early pregnancy factor and human chorionic growth hormone are being produced and when/how to test them

A

EPF- secreted by trophoblastic cells. Appear in mother serum 24-48 hours after fertilization. Blood test in first 10 days.

hCG produced by syncytiotrophoblastic cells of placenta. 10 days after missed period-12-15 days post ovulation.

test in urine

125
Q

How does a single fertilized cell divide to form blastula?

A

Start 30 hrs after fertilization, no growth,just cell size reduced. Zygote moves toward uterus. Still have zone pellucida.

cells are compact for greater interaction, form embryoblast

126
Q

What is the basis by which magnetic resonance produces images?

A

Hydrogen atoms, water and fat/soft tissues

strong magnetic field with pulsing energy analyzed by computers

expensive and large

127
Q

Name the property in which certain basic dyes react with certain macromolecules resulting in a color different than the dye?

A

Metachromasia

128
Q
A
129
Q

Examples CT uses with contrast

A

Upper GI

barium enema

IV pyelography

angiography

cardiac cath

130
Q

What Scapulohumeral muscles ABduct the arm?

A

Anterior Deltoid

Supraspinatus the 1st 15 degrees

131
Q

Clinical test for Subscapularis

A

Same as infraspinatus

flex elbow/adduct arm

resistance to medial rotation

palpate

132
Q

What are the Rotator cuff muscles

A

SITS

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

133
Q

What does ultrasound use?

A

High frequency sound waves

piezoelectric crystals

reflection some waves- hypoechoic-soft tissues

reflect waves similar to surrounding areas-isoechoic

hyperechoic- reflect most waves

134
Q

5 types of Vertebrae

A

Cervical 7 includes axis, atlas- have transverse foramen

Thoracic- 12, articulate with ribs

Lumbar-5

Sacral- usually , fuse to form sacrum

coccygeal- 3-5

135
Q

Clinical ways to overcome issues with fertilization

A

IVF

cyropreservation of embryos

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

IU assisted in vivo fertilization

surrogacy

Anatomy (2 decks)

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