Upper Intermediate Grammar Flashcards
Where to use has been and was been?
Present perfect.
He/She/ It has been.
“Has been” is used for the present perfect continuous tense. This form is used to refer to something which had started in the past and is still continuing in the present tense. “Was” is used to denote the past continuous form. This form is used to refer to some action which was going on at some time in the past.
E.g. Has been/ Courtney has been a team leader before. (present perfect) OR / It has been drifting through my mind lately. (present perfect progressive)
Has been vs have been
Present perfect.
Has been’/He,She, It has been/ and ‘have been’/I, You, We, They have been/ suggest an action that started in the past, but continues in the present. When we are talking about the present: If the subject of a sentence is I – You – We – They or a plural noun (cars, birds, children) we use ‘have been’.
E.g. Have been/ the children have been studying grammar all morning; they have been studying all morning
E.g. Has been/ Courtney has been a team leader before. (present perfect) OR / It has been drifting through my mind lately. (present perfect progressive)
Had been. Past perfect.
Had been/I, You, He, She, It, We, They had been/ is similar to have been and has been, except that it identifies actions that both began and ended in the past. It is used in the past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses. Where have been and has been suggest a past point in time that remains open and unfinished, had been indicates something that is closed and completed.
E.g. Until Roger became manager, the repair records had been vague/неясен/ at best. (past perfect)
I had been feeling sad before my parents gave me a puppy. (past perfect progressive)
Will have been. Future perfect.
Will have been having a future perfect continuous tense and its purpose is to take us to the future i.e. ahead in time and then from the future we have to look back in the past. It tells us about a situation that is unfinished but will be finished in future. It is used to tells a time expression.
E.g. In November, I will have been working at my company for three years. At five o’clock, I will have been waiting for thirty minutes. When I turn thirty, I will have been playing piano for twenty-one years.
Adverb
наречие
a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).
E.g.
He is often wandering the streets.
She never tells a lie.
He is generally late.
Actually, it was how my friends celebrated my birthday.
It is very fine today.
He is bold enough to face the enemy.
The baby was gazing adoringly at chocolate cake.
Gerund - a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.
Gerund - форма, която е получена от глагол, но функционира като съществително, на английски, завършваща на -ing, напр. asking имаш ли нещо против да те попитам?
For example, playing, dancing, eating. Right away this is confusing for students, as they are used to seeing that form as the continuous/progressive form of the verb (“she is eating”, “they were dancing”)..
other than a pronoun
различно от местоимение
past participle
the form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, which is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective, e.g. looked in have you looked?, lost in lost property.
минало причастие
формата на глагол, обикновено завършващ на -ed на английски език, който се използва за образуване на перфектни и пасивни времена и понякога като прилагателно, напр. погледнато търсихте ли?, изгубено в изгубено имущество.
passive voice
страдателен залог
Изреченията “Магазинът е затворен.” и “Президентът е избран.” са в страдателен залог.
Формите “е затворен” и “е избран” са галоглна форма, т.е. било е извършено затваряне и избиране от някого другиго.
The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known.
Определеният член (the) се използва преди съществително, за да посочи, че идентичността на съществителното е известна на читателя. Неопределеният член (a, an) се използва преди съществително, което е общо или когато неговата идентичност не е известна.
auxiliary
спомагателен, помощен
providing supplementary or additional help and support.
auxiliary airport staff
emphasise
подчертавам, наблягам на, изтъквам
give special importance or prominence to (something) in speaking or writing.
he jabbed a finger into the tabletop to emphasize his point
we haven’t been there yet
още не сме били там
