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GI > Upper GI Tract Pathology > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Indigestion

A

Upper (retrosternal discomfort/burning) Abdominal Pain

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2
Q

Define oesophageal Reflux

A

Reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus

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3
Q

What causes or worsens oesophageal reflux?

A

Hiatus Hernia, bulging of the stomach through the diaphragm. Thought to cause weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter.

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4
Q

What causes a hiatus herina?

A

Increase in abdominal pressure. (heavy lifting, coughing, defecation/urination)
Obesity
Pregnancy

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5
Q

Pathologies of Oesophageal Reflux

A
  • Esophagitis
  • Cameron Ulcers (bleeding from erosion of the oesophagus.)
  • Barrett’s Oesophagus
  • Severe Reflux = ulceration
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6
Q

What is Barretts Oesophagus?

A

Healthy squamous epithelial is replaced with premalignant meta plastic glandular. columnar cells. Occurs as a result of prolonged oesophageal reflux damage.

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7
Q

Consequences of Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the oesophagus caused by corrosion leads to healing by fibrosis.

This replaces mobile squamous tissue with fibrous scarf tissue. Stricture formation.

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8
Q

Consequences of stricture formation

A

Narrowing of the oesophagus = loss of mobility and obstruction.

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9
Q

Variations of Oesophageal Cancer

A

Both linked to enviomental factors > genetic

Squamous Carcinoma. Rises from squamous epithelial.

Adenocarcioma - arises from glandular structures in the epithelia.

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10
Q

Factors influencing squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Dietary carcinogens

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11
Q

Factors influencing adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus

A

Barrett’s Metaplasia

Obesity

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12
Q

Ranked Three most common GI cancers

A
  1. Colo-rectal
  2. Gastric
  3. Oesophageal
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13
Q

Name the Local Effects of Oesophageal Cancer

A

Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation

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14
Q

How does oesophageal cancer spread?

A

Direclty to local tissue
Via Lymphatics
Via Blood to the liver.

Over poor prognosis <15% after 5 years

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15
Q

Define Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach

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16
Q

Types of Gastritis

ABC

A

A - Autoimmune
B - Bacterial
C- Chemical

17
Q

Define Autoimmune gastritis

A

Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Resulting in Gastric Atropy and

Replacement with fibrous tissue, intestinal metaplasia

18
Q

Mechanism of Autoimmune Gastritis

A

Auto-antibodies attack parietal cells and intrinsic factor causing atrophy and replacement of these cells.

19
Q

Define autoantibodies

A

Proteins produced by the immune tissue which attack self-tissue

20
Q

Define atropy

A

Parital/complete wasting away

21
Q

Define intestinal metaplasia

A

Gastric epithelial is changed and replaced with epithelial similar to that of the intestines. Pre-malignant condition

22
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Change in fully differentiated cells to another cell type.

23
Q

Define Bacterial Gastritis

A

H. Pyrloi involvement.

Produces both acute and chronic inflammatory response.

Increases Acid Production

24
Q

Definition and causes of Chemical Gastritis

A

Injury caused to the gastric mucousa by chemical factors.

Drugs (NSAIDS)
Bile Reflux
Alcohol

25
Q

Cause of Peptic Ulceration

A

In-balance between acid secretion and the mucous barrier.

Associated with H.pylori due to increased acid secretion.

26
Q

Complications of Peptic Ulceration

A

Bleeding (acute/haermorrage)(chronic/anaemia)

Perforation - Periotonitis

Healing by Fibrosis - Obstruction

27
Q

Stomach Carcinoma - Type

  • Mechanism
  • Cause
A

Adenocarcinoma - associated with previous H.pylori damage

Develops througb phases of intestinal metaplasia and dyplasia.

28
Q

Describe Spread of Stomach Cancer

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood (lover)
Transcoelomic (within the abdominal cavity)

29
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development of cells within tissues. I.e abnormal cell growth/anatomical structure/organisation.

Abnormal, not yet cancer.

GI (20 decks)

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