Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2- Periop > Upper GI problems > Flashcards

Upper GI problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is reflux oesophagitis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the oesophagus often due to acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of GORD?

A 
Retrosternal pain relieved by eating 
Dysphagia 
Odynophagia
Sour taste in mouth 
Bad breath 
Bloating 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Gum disease
Persistent cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is GORD worse in asthma patients?

A

Acid reflux can irritate the airways too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give 4 causes of GORD

A 
Oesophageal laxity 
Hiatus hernia 
Smoking
Pregnancy 
Obesity 
Certain foods
NSAIDs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 3 conservative ways to manage GORD

A 
Eat smaller meals 
Lose weight 
Reduce anxiety 
Sit upright 
Stop smoking 
Reduce alcohol 
Avoid trigger foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can GORD be managed conservatively?

A

Antacids
PPI (Omeprazole, Lansoprazole)
H2 antagonist (Ranitidine, Cimetidine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a laparoscopic nissen fundoplication?

A

Keyhole surgery to tighten the oesophageal sphincter via wrapping the cardia of the stomach around the gastrooesophageal junction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 3 complications of GORD

A

Oesophageal ulcers
Oesophageal strictures
Barrett’s oesophagus
Oesophageal cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium converts to a simple columnar epithelium to cope with excess acid in lower oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of Barrett’s oesophagus?

A 
Severe GORD symptoms 
New-onset asthma 
Chronic cough 
Bronchitis 
Sore throat
Dysphagia (oesophageal ulcers and strictures)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Barrett’s oesophagus diagnosed?

A

Endoscopy and biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is Barrett’s oesophagus treated?

A

Cannot be reversed
Conservative management (same as GORD)
PPI
H2 antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How often are Barrett’s oesophagus patients screened for oesophageal cancer?

A

Endoscopy between every 3 months and every 3 years depending on grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Presence of abnormal cells within a tissue which often precedes a cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give the 2 main causes of oesophageal adenocarcinoma

A

GORD

Barrett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give the 2 main causes of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

A

Achalasia

Coeliac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 5 symptoms of oesophageal cancer

A 
Dysphagia 
Heartburn 
Vomiting after eating
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Epigastric pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is oesophageal cancer diagnosed?

A

Endoscopy
Barium swallow
Staging CT
PET scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an oesophagectomy?

A

Removal of part or all of the oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an Ivor-Lewis procedure?

A

Removal of all of the lower oesophagus, stomach pulled up into chest and anastomosed to the upper oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an oesophageal stricture?

A

Narrowing of the oesophagus

23
Q

Give 4 causes of oesophageal strictures

A 
Acid reflux 
Autoimmune 
Infections 
Iatrogenic 
Malignancy
24
Q

What are oesophageal varices?

A

Abnormal, enlarged dilated veins in the lower oesophagus secondary to portal hypertension.

25
Q

How will an oesophageal varices present?

A 
Haematemesis
Melaena
Lightheadedness
Jaundice 
Ascites
Bruising
26
Q

How are bleeding oesophageal varices managed?

A 
ABCDE
Correct clotting 
Vasoactive agent (terlipressin) 
Prophylactic antibiotics
Variceal band ligation 
TIPS (connect hepatic vein and portal vein)
27
Q

What prophylactic treatment for oesophageal varices can be given?

A

Propranolol
Endoscopic variceal band ligation
PPI

28
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of lower oesophageal sphincter to open during swallowing.

29
Q

How does achalasia present?

A

Dysphagia of solids and liquids
Vomiting of undigested food shortly after eating and when sleeping
Heartburn

30
Q

Give 3 complications of achalasia

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Fits
Chest pain

31
Q

What is the main cause of achalasia?

A

Damage to the nerves around the oesophagus post viral infection

32
Q

Give 2 conditions which are commonly associated with achalasia

A

SLE

Sjogren’s

33
Q

How is achalasia treated?

A

Nitrates or nifedipine to relax oesophageal muscles
Oesophageal dilation surgery
Botox injection
Laparoscopic surgery to divide oesophageal muscle fibres

34
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Open sore on the lining of the stomach and duodenum

35
Q

How does a peptic ulcer present?

A 
Burning epigastric pain 
Heartburn 
Nausea
Weight loss
Indigestion after a few hours of eating
36
Q

Give 2 causes of peptic ulcers

A

H. pylori infection
NSAIDs
Smoking
Excess alcohol

37
Q

How is a H.pylori infection diagnosed?

A

Urease breath test

Stool antigen screen

38
Q

If NSAIDs are causing gastric ulcers how can this be opposed?

A

Co-prescribe a PPI

39
Q

How is H.pylori treated?

A

Triple therapy

PPI + metronidazole (or penicillin) + clarithromycin

40
Q

Give 2 complications of peptic ulcers

A

Anaemia from bleeding
Bowel perforation
Peritonitis
Small bowel obstruction

41
Q

How can gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers be distinguished from the history?

A

Gastric ulcers –> epigastric pain 30 mins to 1 hr after eating, haematemesis, less common, older people

Duodenal ulcers –> epigastric pain 2-4 hrs after eating, melaena, more common, younger people

42
Q

Give 3 risk factors for gastric cancer

A

Male
>55 yrs old
Smoker
Eat a lot of red meat and salted foods

43
Q

What is the main type of gastric cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

44
Q

How will gastric cancer present?

A 
Persistent heartburn and stomach pain 
Trapped wind 
Burping 
Feeling bloated after meals 
Blood in the stools 
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
45
Q

How is a gastric cancer treated?

A

If just in the lining can do a endoscopic mucosal resection
If cancer in lower stomach a subtotal gastrectomy can be done
If cancer is in the upper stomach and oesophagus an esophagogastrectomy can be done and then an Ivor-Lewis procedure
If the cancer is in the middle of the stomach a total gastrectomy is done and the oesophagus is attached to the duodenum in a Roux-en-Y reconstruction.

46
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

When the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity.

47
Q

How does a hiatus hernia present?

A

Heartburn
Sour taste in the mouth
Dysphagia

48
Q

Give 3 risk factors for hiatus hernias

A

Overweight
Over 50 years old
Pregnant
New born babies

49
Q

What is a sliding hernia?

A

Some of the stomach moves up into the chest cavity

50
Q

What is a rolling hernia?

A

Stomach pushes through oesophageal hiatus to create a bulge in the chest cavity. Risk of strangulation

51
Q

How is a hiatus hernia treated conservatively?

A 
Eat smaller meals 
Avoid lying flat after eating 
Avoid alcohol 
Avoid caffeine
Lose weight 
Stop smoking
52
Q

How is a hiatus hernia treated medically?

A

Antacids
H2 antagonists
PPIs

53
Q

How is a hiatus hernia treated surgically?

A

LNF surgery

Phase 2- Periop (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions