Upper GI Flashcards
What is dental caries?
A disease resulting from tooth-adherent cariogenic bacteria that metabolize sugars to produce acid, which demineralizes tooth structure.
What are the three components of the dental caries disease model?
Host, Agent, Environment.
What does ‘cariogenicity’ refer to?
Caries-promoting properties of a diet or food.
What factors affect cariogenicity?
- Food forms (liquid, solid, slowly dissolving)
- Nutrient composition
- Combination of foods
- Duration of exposure to the tooth
- Frequency of consumption.
List some risk factors for dental caries.
- Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)
- Sticky foods
- Slowly dissolving candies
- Sugary/starchy snacks
- Simple sugars.
What are some behavioral risk factors for dental caries?
- Frequent eating of simple sugars
- Prolonged sipping of SSBs
- Eating sticky retentive foods alone.
What is the role of fluoride in dental health?
Fluoride helps in the prevention of dental caries.
What is dysphagia?
Swallowing difficulty without pain.
What are some causes of dysphagia?
- Cerebral palsy
- Parkinson’s disease
- Stroke
- Head injury
- Cancer treatment
- Structural abnormalities
- Dementia.
What is aspiration?
The inhalation of food, liquid, or other substances into the airway or lungs instead of swallowing them into the stomach.
What are the symptoms of aspiration?
- Coughing
- Difficulty in breathing
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
- Choking.
What does IDDSI stand for?
International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative.
What foods are included in Level 6 of the IDDSI diet?
- Soft cooked vegetables
- Scrambled eggs
- Soft casseroles
- Tender, well-cooked meats
- Soft fruits.
What is stomatitis/mucositis?
Inflammation of the oral mucosa often associated with fungal infections or nutrient deficiencies.
What is glossitis?
Inflammatory symptoms of the oral cavity associated with vitamin deficiencies.
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth, often seen in poorly controlled diabetes or autoimmune diseases.
What is dysgeusia?
Altered or impaired sense of taste.
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, a chronic form of acid reflux.
What are common symptoms of GERD?
- Heartburn
- Regurgitation
- Sore throat
- Chest pain
- Nausea
- Sleep disturbance.
What is a hiatal hernia?
Abnormal bulging of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm.
What lifestyle changes can help manage GERD?
- Weight loss
- Elevating the head of the bed
- Avoiding late meals
- Wearing loose-fitting clothing.
What are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
Medications that reduce stomach acid production by inhibiting the proton pump.
What are some common food triggers for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EOE)?
- Dairy products
- Wheat
- Eggs
- Soy
- Peanuts/treenuts
- Fish/shellfish.
What is gastroparesis?
Delayed gastric emptying.
List some dietary modifications for managing gastroparesis.
- Small frequent meals
- Low-fat, low-fiber foods
- Avoid high-fiber foods
- More pureed and liquefied foods.
What is gastritis?
General inflammation of the stomach lining.
What is the primary cause of most gastritis cases?
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
What are the symptoms of gastritis?
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Indigestion
- Anorexia/loss of appetite
- Bloating.
