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Biomechanics & Kinesiology of the Spine > Upper Cervical Spine > Flashcards

Upper Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What feature is unique to the cervical vertebrae?

A

Transverse foramina

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2
Q

What passes through the transverse foramina?

A

Vertebral arteries

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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4
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are “typical”?

A

C3-C6

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5
Q

What is another name for C1?

A

Atlas

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6
Q

What is another name for C2?

A

Axis

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the atlas?

A

Hold up the head

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8
Q

What arthrokinematic rule holds true for the AO joint?

A

Convex on concave

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9
Q

In the spine, when we discuss movements, we refer to the (1) superior/inferior vertebrae moving on the (2) superior/inferior vertebrae.

A

(1) Superior

(2) Inferior

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10
Q

What joins the 2 lateral masses of the atlas?

A

Anterior and posterior arches

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11
Q

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of the atlas?

A

Sloped downwards by 20º

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12
Q

What does the inferior facet of the atlas articulate with?

A

The superior articular facet of C2

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13
Q

What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of the axis?

A

20º below the horizontal plane

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14
Q

What is the shape of the superior articular facet of the axis?

A

Slightly convex

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15
Q

What is the arthrokinematic rule at the AO joint?

A

Convex on concave

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16
Q

What is the primary movement at the AO joint?

A

Flexion/extension

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17
Q

Do we have more flexion or extension at the AO joint?

A

Extension

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18
Q

What is the arthrokinematic rule at the AA joint?

A

SLIGHTLY concave on convex

19
Q

What is the primary movement at the AA joint?

A

Rotation

20
Q

What articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas?

A

Dens of the axis

21
Q

How much of the rotation in the cervical spine comes from the AA joint?

A

50%

22
Q

What are the arthrokinematics of cervical right lateral flexion at the AO joint?

A

Right roll

Left slide

23
Q

What is spinal coupling?

A

One motion around one plane is associated with another motion around a different plane

24
Q

What is the spinal coupled motion hat occurs during right lateral flexion?

A

Left rotation

25
Q

What is the spinal coupled motion that occurs during right rotation?

A

Left lateral flexion

26
Q

Which direction does longus capitis rotate the head?

A

Same side rotation

27
Q

What are the functions of longus colli?

A

Nodding and support of cervical lordosis

28
Q

Which muscles provide vertical stability to the cervical region?

A

Longus colli and longus capitis

29
Q

What is the nickname for the longus colli and longus capitis?

A

“Dynamic” anterior longitudinal ligament

30
Q

What are the 4 suboccipital muscles?

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor
Rectus capitis posterior major
Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior

31
Q

What motion does the alar ligament prevent?

A

Contralateral head rotation

Contralateral lateral flexion

32
Q

Where does the alar ligament originate?

A

Lateral side of the apex of the dens

33
Q

Where is the transverse ligament located?

A

On the posterior aspect of the dens

34
Q

What will happen if the transverse ligament is compromised?

A

The atlas will move anteriorly

35
Q

Which test to you use to test the integrity of the transverse ligament?

A

Sharp purser test

36
Q

What is a positive result of the sharp purser test?

A

Cardinal signs occur during flexion but go away when you applly posterior pressure

37
Q

What membrane is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Tectorial membrane

38
Q

What motion does the tectorial membrane limit?

A

Flexion of the upper cervical spine

39
Q

When is the tectorial membrane injured?

A

During forceful flexion injuries

40
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs/symptoms?

A 
Nystagmus
Facial paraesthesias
Profuse sweating
Nausea, vomiting
Difficulty swallowing
41
Q

In what direction do the occipital condyles move during flexion?

A

Anterior roll

Posterior glide

42
Q

To assess maximum posterior glide of the left occipital condyle, what 2 movements could you ask the patient to do?

A

Flexion with left rotation

OR

Flexion with right lateral flexion

43
Q

In what direction do the occipital condyles move during extension?

A

Posterior roll

Anterior glide

44
Q

To assess maximum anterior glide of the right occipital condyle, what 2 movements could you ask the patient to do?

A

Extension with right lateral flexion

OR

Extension with left rotation

Biomechanics & Kinesiology of the Spine (4 decks)

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