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exercise physiology > Upper body vs lower body > Flashcards

Upper body vs lower body Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of upper body exercise

A 
Kayaking
Canoeing 
Americas cup sailing 
Handcycling 
wheelchair basketball
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2
Q

What are the main muscles used in the arm crank?

A

Brachioradialis
Deltoids
Bicep and triceps

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3
Q

What does EMG measure?

A

electrical activity in response to nerves stimulation of the muscle

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4
Q

What muscle is most active in the arm crank?

A

Triceps

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5
Q

Why is oxidative capacity limited in upper body compared to lower?

A

Early oxygen utilisation rather than poor oxygen delivery.

Greater recruitment of type 2 muscle fibres

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6
Q

What does power sharing do ?

A

reduce lactate production and increases endurance

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7
Q

What does arm exercise show compared to leg exercise ?

A

Higher pulmonary ventilation and RER

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8
Q

Why do we have an increased RER in upper body exercise ?

A

Decrease affinity of o2 caused by a decrease in PH.
Accelerated production of lactate and accumulation of H.
H buffered by bicarbonate.
Increase co2 output.
Increased RER.

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9
Q

What intensity should upper body exercise be compared to lower?

A

50-60%

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10
Q

What components of fitness do upper body athletes need ?

A 
Strength 
power
anaerobic capacity 
maximal aerobic power 
buffering capacity
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11
Q

what are upper body exercise modalities?

A

Arm crank
Hand cycling
Wheelchair ergometer/treadmill

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12
Q

Which upper body modality is more efficient, Hand cycling or wheelchair propulsion?

A

Wheelchair has lower gross efficiency than hand cycling

Higher maximal power for hand cycling

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13
Q

Which upper body exercise modality has the greatest risk of injury ?

A

Wheelchair

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14
Q

What is power sharing ?

A

In cycling only a proportion of muscle fibres are recruited with each contraction, so different motor units are used on a rotational basis. Can reduced lactate production and improve endurance.

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15
Q

What is Terraplegia?

A

Injury to spinal cord in the cervical region with associated loss of muscle strength in all four extremities

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16
Q

What is Paraplegia ?

A

injury in the spinal cord in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral segments

17
Q

What are the 5 vertebral regions f the spine ?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar 
Sacrum
Coccyx
18
Q

What are the three functions of the spinal cord?

A

Voluntary motor functions
sensory functions
autonomic functions

19
Q

What does tetraplegia cause

A

Decrease max HR

impaired sweating

20
Q

Limitations to performance in SCI athletes

A

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction
smaller muscle mass
Thermoregulatory

21
Q

What vertebrae does a reduction in heart rate stop in SCI athletes

A

T-6

exercise physiology (3 decks)

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