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Anatomy Exam II > Upper body > Flashcards

Upper body Flashcards

1
Q

Name the shoulder stabilizer muscles

A
  1. Rhomboid major
  2. Rhomboid minor
  3. Levator scapule
  4. Serratus anterior
    5 Pectoralis minor
  5. Subclavius
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2
Q

Name the rotator cuff muscles

A

(keeps humerus in place)

  1. Subscapularis
  2. Supraspinatus
  3. Infraspinatus
  4. Teres minor
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3
Q

What is the most common rotator cuff injury?

A

Supraspinatus

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4
Q

Where is the forearm flexor origins?

A

medial epicondyle

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5
Q

Where is the forearm extensor origins?

A

lateral epicondyle

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6
Q

Where are synovial sheaths found? (upper limb)

A
  1. wrist
  2. hand
  3. digits
  4. pollex
  5. long head of biceps
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7
Q

What does the anatomical snuff box contain?

A

radial artery

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8
Q

Name the bones of the thorax

A
  1. Sternum
  2. Ribs
  3. Vertebrae (T1-T12)
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9
Q

Name the inspiratory muscles

A
  1. External intercostals
  2. Internal intercostals (interchondral portion)
  3. Diaphragm
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10
Q

What are the 3 holes in the diaphragm?

A
  1. Caval hiatus
  2. Aortic hiatus
  3. Esophageal hiatus
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11
Q

What is the caval hiatus for in the diaphragm?

A

inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What is a hiatal hernia caused by?

A

a stretched out esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

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13
Q

Name the expiratory muscles

A
  1. internal intercostals (nterosseous portion)

2. abdominals

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14
Q

Name the respiratory assist muscles

A
  1. Serratus posterior superior
  2. Serratus posterior inferior
  3. Subcostals
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15
Q

What are the functions of the serratus posterior superior?

A
  • respiratory assist muscle
  • prevents ribs from going down
  • helps inspiration
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16
Q

What are the functions of the serratus posterior inferior?

A
  • respiratory assist muscle
  • prevents ribs from going up
  • helps expiratory muscles
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17
Q

What are the functions of the subcostals?

A
  • respiratory assist muscle
  • rotates the ribs, allowing elevation
  • helps inspiratory muscles
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18
Q

What do the intercostal nerves innervate?

A
  • come from ventral rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
  • lie w/in costal groove
    1. intercostal muscles
    2. serratus posterior superior & inferior
    3. subcostal muscles
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19
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

-from cervical plexus

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20
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A

a membrane covering the organs to make it slippery for movement

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21
Q

Name the pathway for vessels for gas exchange in the lungs?

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk
  2. Pulmonary artery
  3. Secondary arteries
  4. Tertiary arteries
  5. Alveolar capillary beds
    then branch back up into these veins
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22
Q

How many brachial arteries does the L&R lungs have?

A

L: 2 that branch from aorta
R: 1 that can branch from aorta or intercostal arteries

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23
Q

Where do the bronchial veins drain?

A

Azygous veins

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24
Q

Name the impressions of the L lung

A
  1. Trachea & esophagus
  2. L Subclavian artery
  3. L Brachicephalic vein
  4. Aorta
  5. Heart
  6. Diaphragm
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25
Q

Name the impressions of the R lung

A
  1. Trachea & esophagus
  2. R Subclavian artery
  3. R Brachiocephalic vein
  4. Azygous vein
  5. Heart
  6. Diaphragm
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26
Q

How many lobes does the R&L lung have?

A

L: 2 - superior & inferior
R: 3 - superior, inferior & middle

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27
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Great vessels
  3. Trachea
  4. Esophagus
  5. Thymus
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28
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

an inc. in fluid leading to dyspnea

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29
Q

What is pericardial effusion!

A

inc. in fluid in the pericardial sac

aka cardiac tamponade

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30
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins drain?

A

L atrium

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31
Q

Where do the superior & inferior vena cava drain?

A

R atrium

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32
Q

Where does the L coronary artery branch?

A

from ostium in sinus to:

  1. circumflex - L marginals, L posterior
  2. Diagonal artery
  3. L anterior descending artery (widow maker)
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33
Q

Where does the R coronary artery branch?

A

from ostium in sinus to:

  1. SA nodal branch
  2. R marginals
  3. AV nodal branch
  4. Posterior descending
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34
Q

What is the valve of thebesius?

A

a valve in the coronary sinus into the R atrium that prevents the backflow of blood during contraction

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35
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus?

A
  1. Middle cardiac vein
  2. L posterior cardiac vein
  3. Great cardiac vein
  4. Small cardiac vein
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36
Q

What vein drains into the R atrium?

A
  1. Anterior cardiac veins

2. Thebesian veins

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37
Q

What is the route of the coronary circuit?

A
  1. Aortic sinuses
  2. Coronary arteries
  3. Myocardium
  4. Cardiac veins
  5. Coronary sinus
  6. R heart
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38
Q

Name the cardiac surfaces

A
  1. Anterior (RV)
  2. Diaphragmatic (LV)
  3. R pulmonary surface (RA)
  4. L Pulmonary surface (LV)
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39
Q

What drains into the sinus venarum?

A

Sinus of R atria

  1. Superior & Inferior vena cava
  2. Coronary sinus
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40
Q

What is the oval fossa?

A

A thin membrane connecting the R & L atria, used to be a valve during fetal days

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41
Q

What is the auricle?

A

A thin ear-like extension from the atria lined w/ pectinate muscles for expansion

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42
Q

Compare & contrast the conus arteriosis & aortic vestibule

A

CA - from R ventricle, smooth ‘funnel’ region

AV - from L ventricle, smooth ‘dome’ region

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43
Q

Compare & contrast the L & R ventricles

A

R - thin walled

L - thick walled, more trabeculae carnae

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44
Q

Describe the L AV valve

A

aka mitral valve
2 cusps: anterior & posterior
chordae tendonae embedded in papillary muscles
open when relaxed

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45
Q

Describe the R AV valve

A 
aka tricuspid
3 cusps: anterior, posterior, septal
chordae tendonae embedded in papillary muscles
moderator band
open when relaxed
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46
Q

What is the moderator band?

A

in R AV valve

connects papillary to septum so it can get electrical signal for contraction

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47
Q

Describe the L semilunar valve

A

closed when relaxed

3 cusps forming aortic sinuses: posterior, R & L

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48
Q

Describe the R semilunar valve

A

closed when relaxed

3 cusps forming pulmonary sinuses: anterior, R & L

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49
Q

What is S1 heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

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50
Q

What is S2 heart sound?

A

Semilunar valves closing

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51
Q

What is the time btwn S1 & S2?

A

systole

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52
Q

Names the functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton

A
  1. Provide framework
  2. Attach muslces & valves
  3. Provide electrical insulation btwn atria & ventricles
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53
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous cardiac skeleton?

A
  1. 2 rings - attachment of AV valve
  2. 2 coronets - attachment of semilunar valve
  3. 2 trigones - reinforce areas btwn rings & coronets
  4. AV septum - electrical insulation
  5. Interatrial septum
  6. Interventricular septum
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54
Q

In terms of the fibrous cardiac skeleton, where does the bundle of His go?

A

through the R trigone

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55
Q

Name the components of the middle mediastinum

A
  1. Heart
  2. Pericardial sac
  3. Roots of great vessels
56
Q

Name the components of the superior mediastinum

A
  1. Aortic arch
  2. Trachea
  3. Upper esophagus
57
Q

Name the vessels that branch from the aortic arch

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk to R common carotid & R subclavian
  2. L common carotid
  3. L subclavian
58
Q

Name the subclavian branches

A
  1. Vertebral artery

2. Thyrocervical trunk - anastomose w/ superior thyroid artery to feed thyroid gland

59
Q

Describe the trachea

A
  1. cartilaginous C-rings
  2. Annular ligaments connecting rings
  3. Trachealis muscle (posterior portion)
60
Q

Describe the contraction/relaxation of the trachealis muscle

A

c - inc velocity of air (coughing)

r - allow swallowing

61
Q

Name the components of the posterior mediastinum

A
  1. Descending thoracic aorta
  2. Lower esophagus
  3. Azygos system
  4. Lymphatic trunks
62
Q

What drains into the azygous veins?

A

the deep vein structures of the back

bronchial veins

also serves as shunt btwn inferior & superior vena cava

63
Q

What are the branches of the descending thoracic aorta?

A
  1. Intercostal arteries
  2. Esophageal arteries
  3. Bronchial arteries
  4. Superior phrenic arteries
64
Q

Name the lymph nodes of upper body

A
  1. Paratracheal
  2. Bronchopulmonary
  3. Pulmonary
  4. Posterior parietal
  5. Phrenic
65
Q

What nerves innervate the lungs & heart?

A

Pulmonary/Cardiac Plexuses
sympathetic - cardiopulmonary splachnic nerve
parasympathetic - branches from vagus nerve

66
Q

What nerves innervate the esophagus?

A

Esophageal plexus

parasympathetic - branches from vagus nerve

67
Q

Name the bones of the abdomen & pelvis

A
  1. L1-L5
  2. S1-S5
  3. os coxae:
    2 ilia
    2 ischia
    2 pubic bones
68
Q

What are the 2 soft muscle attachments in the abdomen?

A
  1. Linea alba

2. Inguinal ligaments

69
Q

Name the abdominal muscles

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. External oblique
  3. Internal oblique
  4. Transverse abdominis
  5. Cremaster muscle
  6. Rectus sheath
70
Q

What are the abdominal wall defects?

A
  1. Umbilical ring
  2. Inguinal canal
  3. Femoral sheath
71
Q

What does the femoral sheath contain?

A
  1. Femoral artery
  2. Femoral vein
  3. Femoral lymphatics
72
Q

Which nerves innervate the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Intercostal
  2. Subcostal
  3. Upper portion of lumbar plexuses - ventral roots L1-L4
73
Q

In relation to the abdominal wall, what do the intercostal nerves innervate?

A

all muscles except the cremaster

74
Q

In relation to the abdominal wall, what do the subcostal nerves innervate?

A

all muscles except the cremaster

75
Q

In relation to the abdominal wall, what do the iliohypogastric nerves innervate?

A

upper 1/2 of internal oblique & transversus abdominis

76
Q

In relation to the abdominal wall, what do the ilioinguinal nerves innervate?

A

the lower internal oblique & transversus abdominis

77
Q

In relation to the abdominal wall, what do the genitofemoral nerves innervate?

A

cremaster muscle

78
Q

Name the tissue layers of the abdominal wall

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
  4. Transversalis fascia
  5. Extraperitoneal fascia
  6. Peritoneum
79
Q

Describe the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity?

A

most organs have mesenteries that attach them to the posterior abdominal wall (usually)

80
Q

Name the retroperitoneal organs

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Kidneys
  3. Ureters
  4. Urinary bladder
  5. Duodenum
  6. Ascending colon
  7. Descending coon
  8. Rectum
  9. Aorta
  10. Inferior vena cava
81
Q

Name the mesenteries

A
  1. The mesentery
  2. Mesocolon
  3. Mesoappendix
  4. Falciform ligament
  5. Gastrophrenic ligament
  6. Broad ligament
  7. Mesosalpinx
  8. Mesovarium
82
Q

What does ‘the mesentery’ cover & where does it attach?

A

small intestine

to posterior abdominal wall

83
Q

What does the mesocolon cover & where does it attach?

A

large intestine - transverse & sigmoid colon

to posterior abdominal wall

84
Q

What does the mesoappendix cover & where does it attach?

A

the appendix & cecum

to posterior abdominal wall

85
Q

What does the falciform ligament cover & where does it attach?

A

-a mesentery
liver
to anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm

86
Q

What does the gastrophrenic ligament cover & where does it attach?

A

-a mesentery
stomach
to diaphragm

87
Q

What does the broad ligament cover & where does it attach?

A

-a mesentery
uterus
to pelvic floor

88
Q

What does the mesosalpinx cover & where does it attach?

A

fallopian tubes

to pelvic wall

89
Q

What does the mesovarium cover & where does it attach?

A

ovaries

to pelvic wall

90
Q

Name the omentum

A
  1. Greater - stomach to transverse colon

2. Lesser - stomach to liver

91
Q

Name the compartments of the abdominopelvic cavity

A
  1. Greater sac
  2. Lesser sac aka omental bursa

connected via epiploic foramen aka omental foramen or foramen of winslow

92
Q

Describe the esophageal constrictions

A
  1. Cervical - aka superior esophagel sphincter w/ cricopharyngeus - sphincter
  2. Thoracic - aortic arch & L primary bronchus
  3. Diaphragmatic - aka inferior esophageal sphincter
93
Q

Name the anatomical regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardiac - entrance into stomach
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric region - antrum & canal
94
Q

Describe the musculature of the stomach

A
  1. Longitudinal - outer layer
  2. Circular - middle layer
  3. Oblique - inner layer
95
Q

What is the pyloric valve?

A

a valve from the stomach opening into the small intestine

-fat keeps valve closed so food can trickle out

96
Q

What allows for expansion of the stomach?

A

Rugae lining - folds

max. contents ~3L

97
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum - 25 cm
  2. Jejunum - 1 m
  3. Ileum - 2 m
98
Q

What is the duodenal cap & what is it suspended by?

A

1st 1/2 inch

suspended by the lesser omentum

99
Q

Where do the digestive enzymes enter the duodenum?

A

The descending portion of duodenum

-most important part of the duodenum

100
Q

What is the ascending portion of the duodenum suspended by?

A

The ligament of treitz

stabilizes the intestine & keeps it from twisting - intestinal malrotation

101
Q

What is the ligament of treitz?

A

suspends the ascending portion of the duodenum and keeps it from moving around & twisting

102
Q

What does volvulus mean?

A

the intestine gets twisted around & occludes the intestine

103
Q

What are the parts of the duodenum?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Descending
  3. Transverse
  4. Ascending
104
Q

major vs. minor duodenal papilla

A

major - entrance for bile duct & pancreas - sphincter of oddi, closes if not eating fat

minor - a bypass so pancreatic fluids can enter the duodenum

105
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A

circular folds that inc. the surface area

106
Q

Describe the jejunum

A

-part of small intestine
has very large & abundant plicae circularis
most absorption occurs here
transparent windows w/in the mesentery

107
Q

Describe the ileum

A 
-part of small intestine 
has nonabundant & small plicae circularis 
lies w/in the iliac crest 
....last chance for absorption 
contains the ileocecal junction
108
Q

What is the ileocecal junction?

A

The junction btwn the ileum & cecum w/ the ileocecal valce prevents backflow back

109
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

absorb water & some salts & vitamins

  • walls have a lot of lymph tissue
    1. Cecum & vermiform appendix
    2. Colon
    3. Rectum
110
Q

What are the teniae coli?

A

bands of muscle in the cecum & colon

-contract & bunch up to form bulges called hausta

111
Q

What are epiploic appendages?

A

fatty appendages on the large intestine

112
Q

Describe the cecum

A

1st part of large intestine
hardly ever empty
not mesentery nor retroperitoneal - free

113
Q

Describe the vermiform appendix

A

bound by the mesoappendix
not affected by antibiotics in the gut
McBurney’s point - where the appendix & cecum join

114
Q

What is the McBurney’s point?

A

where the appendix & cecum meet

-very tender & hard during appendicitis

115
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

everything in body is reversed on opposite side

116
Q

Name the pathway for the large intestine

A

Ascending to hepatic flexure to transverse colon to splenic flexure to descending colon to sigmoid colon

117
Q

What part of the large intestine is most variable in shape & length?

A

sigmoid colon

118
Q

What is the valve of houston?

A

muscular infoldings in the rectum that supports the weight of feces & relaxes during defecation

119
Q

Describe the anal canal

A

-anal columns
internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle
external anal sphincter - skeletal muscle

120
Q

What are the GI accessory organs?

A

Liver & gall bladder biliary ducts

121
Q

Describe the liver functions?

A

biggest gland of the body
digestive - produces bile to emulsify fat
cardiovascular - filters blood from GI tract, fat isn’t filtered

122
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A

connects liver to diaphragm

aka triangular ligaments

123
Q

When the sphincter of oddi is closed, where does the bile go?

A

into the cystic duct to enter the gall bladder

124
Q

Describe the anatomy of the gall bladder

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Neck - w/ Hartmann’s pouch
125
Q

What is Hartmann’s pouch?

A

Part of the gall bladder neck

Gall stones lodge here

126
Q

What happens when you eat fat?

A
  1. Pyloric sphincter closes to trickle out fat into sm. intestine
  2. Gall bladder contracts
  3. Sphincter of oddi relaxes
127
Q

Describe the hepatic blood supply

A

Arterial blood by hepatic artery (25%)
-supplies bile ducts

Venous blood by portal vein
to liver tissue

128
Q

What drains into the hepatic portal vein?

A

sm & lg intestine, stomach, spleen

shunted to liver for filtration

129
Q

Where do the hepatic veins drain?

A

into the inferior vena cava after filtration

130
Q

What drains into the R & L anatomic lobes of the liver?

A

L - large intestine, stomach & spleen

R - sm. intestine

131
Q

Describe the segments w/in the R & L liver?

A 
1 - caudate lobe - 'independent liver'
2 & 3 - Lateral L liver
4 - medial L liver
5 & 8 - medial R liver
6 & 7 - lateral R liver
132
Q

Describe liver transplants (adult to child, adult to adult)

A

c to a - 2 segments usually 2 & 3

a to a - 4 segments usually 5-8

133
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas?

A

1 Digestive - enzymes

2 Endocrine - glucose regulation

134
Q

Describe the parts of the pancreas

A 
1. Head - w/in curvature of duodenum 
2 Ucinate - "hook" of head
3 Neck
4 Body
5 Tail - attached to spleen by tissue & vessels
135
Q

What are the pancreatic ducts?

A
  1. Main pancreatic duct - joins bile duct at ampula of vader
  2. Accessory duct - enters duodenum at minor duodenal papilla, opens when sphincter of oddi contracts
136
Q

Describe the spleen w/ functions

A

filters blood; removes old cellular components
stores blood - contracts to release blood especially under hypoxic conditions
very fragile
white pulp - lymph drained by lymphatic vessels
red pulp - blood filtration

Anatomy Exam II (1 decks)

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