Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD Exam 2 > Upper and Lower Respiratory Problems > Flashcards

Upper and Lower Respiratory Problems Flashcards

1
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts drawing air into lungs, as volume increases, velocity decreases –> settling of dust in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

exhalation

A

lungs passively return to pre-inspiratory volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conductive airways

A

not involved in gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

acinar airways

A

main area of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pulmonary ____ receives entire blood volume of ____ heart

A

artery, right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mean pulmonary pressure =

A

20cm H2O, low which allows better prefusion and improved exchange of gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ holds deoxygenated blood

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ holds oxygenated blood

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

capillaries have a thin wall and are easily damaged –> leakage of RBCs & plasma into alveoli. what are 2 causes of capillary damage?

A
  • pulmonary overinflation

- pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

alveoli, “300 million bubbles”, are UNSTABLE and will collapse due to surface tension. what mixes with fluid lining alveoli to increase stability?

A

surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gas exchange is rapid and efficient, each RBC spends __ second in capillary network

A

3/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name 2 airway defenses

A
  • mucocilary elevator

- alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

*tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired/expired with normal breath (10mL/kg), Vt=Vd (dead space ventilation) + Va (alveolar ventilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amt above resting inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

exhale maximally pushing all the air out that you can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

residual volume

A

air that can’t be exhaled due to dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

total lung capacity

A

includes residual, expiratory reserve, resting tidal, and inspiratory reserve, that is all the air your lungs could hold, the maximum volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vital capacity

A

this s what we use functionally, it doesn’t include residual b/c you can’t move that air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

*minute ventilation

A

total amt new air moved into respiratory passages each minute, Vm=RR (for 1 minute)*Vt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in regards to dead space ventilation, what % of air breathed in is being used for gas exchange in a dog?

A

35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in regards to dead space ventilation, what % of air breathed in is being used for gas exchange in a horse/cow?

A

50%

22
Q

____ dead space must be considered in anesthetized patient

A

apparatus (ET tubes & respirator tubes)

23
Q

*functional residual capacity

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after exhalation, measure indirectly

24
Q

*what is the volume of alveolar air replaced with each breath?

A

~1/7th total alveolar air

25
Q

decreased fractional residual capacity & tidal volume –>

A

HYPOXIA

26
Q

hypoxia

A

abnormally low partial pressures O2 in tissues

27
Q

what causes hypoxia?

A

low O2 delivery to tissues due to anemia (decreased oxygen to tissues) or poor circulation (shock)

28
Q

hypoxia –>

A

anaerobic metabolism & .:. decreased CO2

29
Q

hypoxemia

A

low partial pressure O2 in arterial blood, *PaO2

30
Q

**List 5 reasons why a patient will have hypoxemia

A
  • hypoventilation
  • ventilation-perfusion mismatch
  • anatomic shunt
  • diffusion impairment
  • low FiO2 (fractional inspired oxygen)
31
Q

hypoventilation

A

ventilation inadequate for gas exchange

32
Q

hypoventilation –>

A

hypercarbia (increased PaCO2), *PaCO2 > 45mmHg

33
Q

*with hypoventilation there is an ______ relationship between Va & PaCO2

A

inverse

34
Q

list 4 causes of hypoventilation

A
  • decreased RR
  • decreased tidal volume
  • increased metabolic rate
  • hyperthermia
35
Q

perfusion is ____ in zone 1

A

absent

36
Q

perfusion is ____ in zone 2

A

sporadic

37
Q

perfusion is ____ in zone 3

A

constant

38
Q

with great perfusion and an obstructed alveoli you will see

A

decreased O2 and slightly increased CO2

39
Q

*with ventilation perfusion mismatch, you want it to essentially be __, you want perfusion & ventilation to be ____

A

1, equal

40
Q

V/Q inequality impairs exchange of all gases, ____ will be the most effected, ____ exchange impaired but can be corrected with ____

A

oxygen, CO2, increased ventilation

41
Q

in a V/Q mismatch you will see ___ A-a gradient & ___ PaO2

A

high (A-a gradient > 30mmHg), low (PaO2

42
Q

anatomical shunt

A

extreme V/Q mismatch, abnormal vascular connection btwn small pulmonary artery & vein, venous blood mixes w/ arterial blood, deoxygenated blood goes back into the body, this is an example of normal ventilation but no perfusion

43
Q

why won’t oxygen supplementation improve the oxygen status for a patient with an anatomic shunt?

A

patient is ventilating fine and can take in oxygen from the air but it can’t get blood to the alveoli to exchange that oxygen

44
Q

is hypoxemia more severe with R to L or L to R shunts? why?

A

R to L shunt SEVERE HYPOXEMIA b/c R is going to be deoxygenated and will bring all that deoxygenated blood back to the body

45
Q

how does a R to L shunt develop?

A

pressure increases in RV & PA –> pulmonary hypertension –> RV & PA pressure increase LV & aorta

46
Q

diffusion rate is proportional to

A

area, partial pressure difference, & solubility of gas (CO2&raquo_space;» O2)

47
Q

diffusion rate is inversely proportional to

A

tissue thickness & molecular weight

48
Q

list 3 causes of diffusion impairment

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • decreased RBC transit time through alveolar capillaries
  • thickening of blood-gas interface (smoke inhalation & pneumonia)
49
Q

low partial pressure of inspired oxygen (altitude sickness) is due to

A

higher altitudes result in lower atmospheric pressure, all other things being equal

50
Q

PaO2 @ sea level =

A

150mmHg

51
Q

PaO2 @ 5,000ft above sea level =

A

124mmHg

MOD Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions