Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy - head,neck,spine > upper airway > Flashcards

upper airway Flashcards

1
Q

function of the larynx

A

to protect the airway from ingestion of food

we use it to make sound, phonation and speech - not its principle function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the larynx related to Parkinson’s

A

peoplee who die of parkinsons usually have asparated food and fluid and end up dying of pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

summarise the implications of the sinuses (frontal and sphenoidal)

A

they make the head lighter

also clinically - can become infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

can the nasal cavity feed into teh cranial cavity

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the nasal cavity *

A

at the upper part of the resp tract - they permit airflow into airway

have turbinate bones, conchae are bones and the soft tissue - shelves of bone that project into the nasal cavity and are covered by resp epi. there are 3 pairs proijecting ionto nasal cavity - superior, inferior and middle.

spaces between conchae are meatuses. superior between superior adn middle conchae, middle between middle and inferior, inferior below inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the role of the conchae and meatuses *

A

warm and hufidify air so that cold air is not hitting lungs

immune func - trap pathogens (problem because nasal cavity drains into the cranial cavity)

drainage route for sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

idnetify the bones that contribute to the nasal cavity *

A

image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why can you only see the frontal and nasal sinuses in a saggital view *

A

the other sinuses are more lateral so are not seen in the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the arterial blood supply of the nasal cavity *

A

from branches of the internal carotid artery and external

very good blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the innervation of the nasal cavity *

A

sensory innervation - trigeminal (V1 anterior region, V2 ppsterior region), olfactory (smell to the brain), facial (mucous mem of glands eg lacrimal glands),

sympathetic trunks from T1 (vascular sm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the venous drainage of the nasal cavity *

A

superior parts of nasal cavity drain into the cranial cavity - link for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe teh paranasal sinuses *

A

air filled

line anterior aspect of facial skeleton

function - reduce weight, provide crumple zone to protect brain, help with resonation ie project the voice

warm - so bacteria grow = infection

innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

identify the paranasal sinsues *

A

image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

locate the sinues on an x ray

A

darker region

ethmoidal air cells rather than sinus - because sinus is single large cavity and ethmoid air cells are like honeycomb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

illustrate the areas of sinus drainage *

A

in the meatuses

ethmoidal cells drain onto the ethmoidal bulla in the middle meatus

sphenoidal sinus drains into the spheno-ethmoidal recess

frontal sinus drain through the infundibulum opening of frontal nasal duct

maxillary sinus opens in the floor of the semilunar hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are tears drained

A

through the nasolacrimal duct into the back of the nassal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why does head feel full off cold in the morning

A

fluid collects there over night because sinuses cant drain in that position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the larynx *

A

hollow

composed of cartilage, membrane and muscles

acts as a valve (most important function) and sound producer (structures that stop food going down airway can also vibrate = sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do you increase volume of voice

A

project air over vocal cords at a faster rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

innervation of the vocal cords

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve - because of this nerves location problems with the larynx may indicate problems in the L lung which is near the L recurrent laryngeal - would cause a change in voice (hoarseness and cough)

nerve suseptible too damage by bronchial or oesophageal tumour/swollen mediastinal lymph nodes - and surgery in respnse to this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

illustrate the laryngeal cartilages from a lateral view, and describe relations between the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage *

A

small gap between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage rocks back and forwards on the larger posterior section of cricoid around the cricothyroid joint - partly how tension in vocal folds is altered - move anterior attachment and posterior attachment of the vocal folds further apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the laryngeal cartilages from a posterior view

describe the arytenoid cartilages *

A

arytenoid cartilages swivel from side to side - elements of the vocal folds are attached to the anterior of these so when they swivel they open and close the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the anatomy of the vocal folds *

A

there are ligaments from posterior to anteroir

mucosal tissue draped over whole thing - folds out to form a vestibule, then folds back in over another ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the view of the vocal folds down the endoscope

A

hole betwene vocal chords is the rima glottidis - seen when airway is open

when phonation is taking place the vocal folds are aducted in order to vibrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

illstrate a closed airway *

A

image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe the intrinsic muscles of the larynx *

A

change the tension in the vocal chords - open and clsoe airway for phonation

cricothyroid muscle (from cricoid to thyroid catilage) - when contract thyroid cartilage rocks forwards.this puts tension on vocal chords

lateral crico-arytenoid - contract andd spin the arytenoid cartilages inwards bringing the vocal folds closer together (aducting the vocal folds)

posterior crico-arytenoid, oblique arytenoid and transverse arytenoid - open up vocal folds and so the airway

vocalis muscle - reduces the tension in the folds by bringing the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid

thyro-arytenoid muscle - broad flat muscles, act asa sphincter for the vestibule by pushing soft tissues medial, they also narrow the inlet by pulling the arytenoid cartilage forward and epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages - innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe the nerve supply of the larynx *

A

vagus nerve has 2 branches - superior laryngeal nerve and recurrant laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal - longer on the L than R because L loops around the ligamentum arteriosum near lung, R goes around R subclavian artery - travel with the inferior thyroid artey

superior laryngeal nerve branches into the internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve - they travel with the superior thyroid artery

internal - sensation and muscles

external - smaller involvement (just rocks the thyroid cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe the effects of lesions of the vagus nerve *

A

lesion before branching = complete paralysis

lesion of internal laryngeal = loss of sensation above vocal folds - problem because coughing wont be initiated (loss of protective mech)

of external = paralysis of cricothyroid

of recurrent = paralysis of all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid, and loss of sensation below the vocal folds

29
Q

consequence of the vagus branches travelling with thyroid arteries

A

removal of thyroid can be associated with damage of these nerves

30
Q

what are teh rpotectove mechanisms for the airway

A

swallowing - have to close airway and protect airway

gag reflex - stop things going down airway

sneezing and coughing - remove things irritating the airway

31
Q

describe the differences between coughing and sneezing

A

relates to the soft palate

if raised to block of nasal cavity - air will come out of mouth = coughing - afferent innervation CN 10, efferent = CN10 and V3

if soft palate closed down = air directed posteriorly to the soft palate into nasal cavity = sneezing - afferent innervation V2, efferent = CN10

32
Q

describe how you can intubate someonw

A

chin lift/jaw thrust so you can see the airway

either via the oropharynx or nasopharynx

endotracheal intubation/cicothyroidotomy/tracheostomy

33
Q

locate features of the auditory apparatus

A
34
Q

what is a possible consequence of an ear infection

A

infection of the mastoid air cells = damage to mastoid air cells = errode through bone into cranial cavity

35
Q

routes of infection into the cranial cavity

A

from root of upper teeth into the maxillary sinus

from nasal cavity into frontal or sphenoid sinus

mastoid air cells to cranial cavity

venous drainage

36
Q

describe what the facial nerve innervates

A

motor - muscles of facial expression, stapedius, digastric (posterior belly), stylohyoid

sensory - taste for ant 2/3 tongue, PNS (lacrimal glands, mucous glands of nasal cavity, hard and soft palates, sublingual and submandibular glands) and general sensation from the external acousitic meatus and deeper parts of the auricle

37
Q

where on the brainstem does the facial nerve emerge from

A

the lateral surface between the pons and the medulla

38
Q

describe the path of the facial nerve through the skull

A

through internal accoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen then through the parotid gland for the muscles of facial expression

smaller branch leave throigh teh petrotympanic fissure - join the lingual nerve and carry efferent fibres to submandibular and sublingual, bring back taste from anterior 2/3 tongue

39
Q

what does the pharyngotympanic tube connect

A

the middle ear and the nasal cavity

40
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the relationship between the sphenoid sinus and the pituitary gland

A

there is only a thin bone shelf between the sinus and the hypophysial fossa

also only a thin shelf between sinus and nasal cavity

the pit gland can be surgically approached through nasal cavity, passing through the anteroinferior aspect of the sphenoid bone - into the sphenoid sinus and then through the top of the bone into the hypophyseal fossa

41
Q

describe the external ear

A

made of the auricle, external and auditory meatus - it collects sound and directs it ot tympanic membrane

auricle formed from fibrocartilage skeleton covered by adherent skin - has a lobule without fibrocartilage skeleton inferiorly and a tragus anteriorly that overlaps the opening of the external meatus. the meatus leaves from the concha of the auricle which is the hollow centre of teh auricle. It assists in capturing sound

medial 2/3 meatus are in the temporal bone

skin lining the external meatus contains ceruminous glands and outer part is hairy

innervated by the auriculo-temporal nerve anteriorly and the vagus nerve posteriorly

42
Q

describe the middle ear

A

irregular air space in the temporal bone

tympanic cavity extends posteriorly into base of mastoid process as the tympanic antrum and anteriorly it communicates with the nasopharynx via the pharyngotympanic tube

the tympanic cavity is traversed by the chain of ossicles that transmits vibrations to inner ear through the oval window in the medial wall of the middle ear

43
Q

describe the internal ear

A

lies in the petrous temporal bone medial to middle ear

has the cochlea, vestibule and 3 semicircular canals

44
Q

describe the laryngeal surface anatomy

A

feel laryngeal prominance (thyroid cartilage) - palpate the notch, and the 2 laminae of the thyroid cartilage

follow anterior border of the cartilage down until you feel a depression due to cricothyroid membrane

then the concave anterior part of cricoid cartilage

below this you can feel the first 2 rings of teh trachea

the hyoid bone lies above the thyroid cartilage - palpate the body and 2 horns laterally

45
Q

describe how you would explore the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane using an otoscope

A

straighten ear by pulling pinna upwards and outwards (in paeds - down and back)

hold the otoscope like a pen and use little finger to hold at the cheek of pt to avoid trauma to the inner ear

rotate the otoscope

46
Q

list the cartilages of the nose and the function*

A

they provide support for the nose, anterior and on each side of the nose

lateral processes of the septal cartilage

septal cartilage

superior margin of the septal cartilage

major alar cartilage

3/4 minor alar cartilages

47
Q

describe how the laryngeal cartilages are involved in increasing the intra-thoracic pressure *

A

they close the rima glottidis

the arytenoid cartilages pull the vocal folds closer together - closing the airway = increase in intrathoracic pressure

teh arytenoid cartilages are moved by the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

48
Q

describe how the laryngeal cartilages are involved in phonation *

A

vocal cords adducted, they make sound by rubbing together - arytenoid cartilages swiveled

air is forced through the closed rima glottidis - cause vocal chords to rub against each other and produce sound

the tension in the vocal chords is adjusted by the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles

49
Q

action of the laryngeal cartilages in the cough sneeze reflex *

A

there is sudden abduction of the vocal folds ie becasue the arytenoid ligaments have swiveled in the other direction - releasing intrathoracic pressure = sneezing

posterior cricothyroid muscles involved

50
Q

what is the tympanic memrane *

A

it separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear

at an angle sloping medially from top to bottom, anteriorly to posteriorly

has a connective tissue core and lined with skin on the outside and mucous membrane on the inside

around the periphery is a fibrocartilaginous ring attaching it to the tympanic part of the temporal bone

51
Q

describe the anatomy of the auditory ossicles *

A

bones of the middle ear, consisting of the malleus, incus and stapes

they form an osseous chain across the middle ear from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the middle ear

malleus - head of malleus is rounded upper part (articulates with the incus), below this is teh constricted head of the malleus, below this are anterior and lateral proesses, below these is the handle of the malleus whhich attaches to the tympanic membrane

incus - body articulates with the malleus, long limb travels parallel to handle of malleus but bends and articulaees with stapes. short limb extends posteriorly and is attached by a ligament to upper posterio wall of middle ear

stapes - head articulates with the incus, anterior and posterior limb attach to the oval base, the base fits into the oval window on the labyrinth wall of the middle ear

52
Q

describe the anatomy of the external acoustic meatus *

A

extends from the concha to the tympanic membrane (1 inch)

consits of cartilage and bone - lateral 1/3 from cartilaginous extensions from the auricle, medial 2/3 is a bony tunnel in the temporal bone

throughout its length it is covered in skin, some contains hair and modified sweat glands producing cerumen (ear wax)

doesnt follow a straight course

53
Q

describe the anatomy of the pharyngotympanic tube *

A

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

equalises pressure on both sides of the membrane

opening on the middle ear is on the anterior wall and from here it extends forward, medially and downward to meet the nasopharynx

1/3 nearest middle ear is the bony part - clearly visible on inferior surface of the skull at the junction of the squamous and petrous part of the temporal bone, immediately posterior to the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum

cartilaginous part - remaining 2/3

54
Q

what separates the upper and lower airway

A

the vocal chords

55
Q

how do you stop the tongue blocking the oropharynx *

A

head tilt chin lift

jaw thrust - doenst move the neck, preferable if spinal chord injury

56
Q

describe the relationship of the paranasal sinuses with the nasal cavity *

A

they develop as outgrowths from the nasal cavities and erode into the surrounding bones

all the sinues drain into the nasal cavity

57
Q

what are the 4 paranasal air sinuses *

A

ethmoidal cells

sphenoidal sinus

maxillary sinus

frontal sinus

58
Q

nerve supply of the frontal sinus *`

A

supra-orbital nerve from the opthalmic nerve (V1) which is a division of the trigeminal nerve

59
Q

nerve supply of the ethmoidal cells *

A

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasocillary nerve from teh opthalmic nerve V1

the maxillary nerve V2 via orbital branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion

60
Q

what is the nerve supply of the sphenoidal sinus *

A

posterior ethmoidal branch of the opthalmic nerve V1

maxillary nerve V2 via orbital branches from the pteryogopalatine ganglion

61
Q

what are the membranes of the larynx and are the intrinsic or extrinsic *

A

thyrohyoid membrane - extrinsic

hyo-epiglottic ligament - extrinsic

cricotracheal ligament - extrinsic

fibro-elastic membrane - intrinsic

cricothyroid ligament (cricovocal membrane, cricothyroid membrane) - intrinsic

quadrangular membrane - intrinsic

62
Q

describe the thyrohyoid membrane *`

A

spans between superior margin of thyroid cartilage and teh hyoid bone

it is attached to superior margin of thyroid laminae and adjacent anterior margins of the superior horns

ascends medial to the greater horns and posterior to body of hhyoid bone to attach to superior margin of these structures

posterior borders are thickened to form lateral tyrohyoid ligaments

also thickened anterior in the midline forming median thyrohyoid ligament

63
Q

describe the hyo-epiglottic ligament *`

A

extend from body of epiglottis anterosuperiorly to body of teh hyoid bone

64
Q

describe the cricotracheal ligament *`

A

runs from lower border of the cricoid cartilage to adjacent upper border of first tracheal cartilage

65
Q

describe the fibroelastic membrane of the larynx *

A

links together with the laryngeal cartilages and completes architectural framework

composed of lower cricothyroid ligament and upper quadrangular membrane

66
Q

describe the cricothyroid ligament *

A

attached to arch of cricoid cartilage

extends superiorly to end in a free margin which attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

between these points the free margin is thickened to from the vocal ligament

anteriorly te cricothyroid ligament is thickened to form median cricothyroid ligament

67
Q

describe the quadrangular membrane
*

A

runs between the lateral margin of the epiglottis and anterolateral margin of epiglottis on the same side

also attaches to corniculate cartilage

has a free upper and lower margin

free lower margin thickened to form vestibular ligament under the vestibular fold

68
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx *

A

the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles of the larynx

anatomy - head,neck,spine (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions