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updated powerpoint flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is
a
theory?

A

Something that has been
studied repeatedly and not
proven to be wrong

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2
Q

What is a
change in
species
over time?

A

Evolution

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3
Q

What type of
evolution
occurs with a
change in
gene
frequency?

A

Microevolution

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4
Q

What is
macroevolution?

A

A change in the line of descent

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5
Q

Who
organized
components
of the natural
world into
the ‘scale of
nature’?

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

Who believed
in
catastrophism?

A

George Cuvier

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7
Q

What is
catastrophism?

A

Some
catastrophe
wiped out a
species

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8
Q

Who
created/believed in
the principle of
gradualism?

A

James Hutton

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9
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Natural
formations that
took many
years to form

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10
Q

What did
Charles
Lyell
believe in?

A

Uniformitarianism

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11
Q

What is
Uniformitarianism?

A

Changes in the
landscape;
change in
formations that
take a very long
time

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12
Q

What are
the early
geologist’s
ideas?

A
  1. Gradual
    changes in the
    earth’s
    landscape
  2. Occurred by
    natural
    processes
  3. Took extremely
    long periods of
    time
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13
Q

Who created
the binomial
nomenclature
(2 names;
genus
species)?

A

Linnaeus

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14
Q

Who
believed in
survival of
the fittest?

A

Erasmus Darwin

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15
Q

What did
Lamarck
think?

A
  • Individuals could change
    themselves
  • Ideas
  • Principle of use and disuse
  • Inheritance of acquired
    characteristics
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16
Q

Who
explored
Brazil, the
Amazon
River, and
then the
Malay
Archipelago?

A

Alfred Wallace

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17
Q

Who wrote
an essay on
the
Principles
of
Population?

A

Malthus

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18
Q

Who
published the
essays of
Wallace and
Darwin to
Linnean
society
jointly?

A

Lyell and Hooker

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19
Q

What are
Darwin’s
Ideas/Key
observations?

A
  1. Individuals vary in
    their traits
  2. Traits are inherited
    from parents to
    offspring
  3. Species produce more
    offspring than the
    environment can
    support
  4. Individuals with
    beneficial traits
    (adaptations) survive
    and reproduce, pass
    on traits to offspring
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20
Q

What is a
mechanism by
which
evolution
occurs?

A

Natural
Selection

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21
Q

What are two
ways
individuals
compete for
reproductive
success?

A

Intrasexual selection
and Intersexual
selection

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22
Q

What type of
selection is
likely selecting
for large male
body size?

A

Intrasexual selection

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23
Q

What is
sexual
dimorphism?

A

Males and
females differ in
their traits

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24
Q

What occurs
as a result of
the
differential of
individuals?

A

Natural
selection and
Sexual
selection

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25
Q

Can natural
selection
and sexual
selection
counter
each other?
Explain

A

Yes, they can counter
each other if a trait for
sexual selection will
impair their way of life

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26
Q

What are
traits that
promote
survival or
reproduction?

A

Adaptations

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27
Q

Dr. John Endler
discovered that
guppies that lived in
pools with few
predators had brighter
spots than
guppies from pools
with large
predator fish.
What kind of selection
is this an example of?

A

Natural selection

28
Q

What are similar traits/structures in different
species that are due to a common ancestor
with that trait?

A

Homologous structures

29
Q

Which of the following
pairs is homologous?

A

a) Crab claw and human
hand
b) Finch wing and human
forearm THIS ONE
c) Porcupine quill and cactus
spine
d) Batwing and bird feathers
e) Chameleon tongue and
butterfly tongue

30
Q

What are
analogous
structures?

A

Traits that are similar in
form and/or function,
NOT due to common
ancestry, but due to
similar selection
pressures

31
Q

What is the
independent
evolution of
similar
features in
different
lineages?

A

Convergent
Evolution

32
Q

Where
organisms
were originally
located due to
plate tectonics
and continental
drift is known
as what?

A

Biogeographic
patterns

33
Q

What are examples
of contemporary
evolution?

A
  • Antibiotic
    -resistant
    bacteria (MRSA)
  • Drug
    -resistant malaria,
    HIV
  • Adaptation to high
    altitude
  • Soapberry bugs * Peppered moths * Blue moon butterflies
34
Q

What is a group
of individuals
that are the
same species
that interbreed
with one
another?

A

Population

35
Q

All of the genes
that are carried
by all of the
individuals in a
population is the
definition of
what?

A

Population
gene pool

36
Q

What is the
study of genes
and gene
frequency and
how they change
over time?

A

Population
genetics

37
Q

What is
relative
fitness?

A

How well an
individual survives
and reproduces
relative to others
in a population

38
Q

What are the
Hardy
-
Weinberg
assumptions?

A
  • Very large population * No new mutation * No migration * No natural selection * No sexual selection
39
Q

What do
biologists use
Hardy
-
Weinberg
equations for?

A
  • To determine if
    evolution has occurred
  • To calculate allele or
    genotype frequencies
40
Q

What type of
selection
favors one end
of the
phenotype?

A

Directional
selection

41
Q

What are examples of
directional selection?

A

Wolbachia-resistant males (blue moon
butterflies)
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Quinine resistant malaria
Drug-resistant HIV
Pesticide resistant insects

42
Q

What type of selection
favors the intermediate
and goes against both
extreme phenotypes?

A

Stabilizing selection

43
Q

What are examples of
stabilizing selection?

A

Birth (or litter) size
Egg size
Eyespot coloration on
moths

44
Q

What type of selection
favors both extremes and
selects against
intermediate
phenotypes?

A

Disruptive (divergent)
selection

45
Q

What are
examples of
disruptive
(divergent)
selection?

A

Peppered moths
Galapagos Finches
Polymorphisms

46
Q

The frequency of
one trait in a
population is
dependent on the
frequency of the
alternate trait in a
population is what
type of section?

A

dependent
selection

47
Q

What are some other
influences on
evolution?

A

Appearance
of gene
mutations
(new alleles)

Natural and
sexual
selection
(relative
fitness)

Gene flow
Genetic drift

48
Q

What is the
change in allele
frequencies (and
subsequent loss
of alleles and
loss of genetic
diversity) due to
chance, or a
random event?

A

Genetic drift

49
Q

What are
examples of
random events
that can cause
genetic drift?

A

Hurricane, meteor,
massive fire/flood,
tidal wave
Human disturbances
of habitat
(clearcutting)

50
Q

What situations are
subject to drift within
small populations?

A

Founder
effect

Population
bottleneck

51
Q

What is
founder
effect?

A

A few individuals
that give rise to a
new population

52
Q

What is an
example
of founder
effect?

A

A few lizards raft to an
island
*No new gene flow
*Continued inbreeding

53
Q

What are
the results
of founder
effect?

A

*Higher homozygosity (AA, aa)
* Lower heterozygosity
* Constraints path of subsequent
evolution
* Alleles will be lost
* Traits become fixed (some alleles
are lost)
*Decrease in genetic variation

54
Q

What is a
population
reduced to a
very small size;
alleles and
genetic diversity
lost?

A

Population bottleneck
or bottleneck

55
Q

What are
examples of
bottlenecks?

A

Cheetah
Florida panther
Old Amish in
Pennsylvania

56
Q

Why does
genetic drift
have a great
impact on
small
populations?

A

Fewer individual, few alleles
Higher chance for individuals with
same alleles to breed
More likely for alleles to become
fixed in populations; all individuals
are homozygous for that trait

57
Q

What is involved
in the biological
species concept:
one or more
populations
that…?

A

Descend from a common
ancestral population

Have a genotypic and phenotypic
similarity

Are reproductively isolated from other species

Produce fertile offspring

58
Q

What are two reproductive isolating
mechanisms?

A

Prezygotic and Postzygotic barriers

59
Q

What are
prezygotic
barriers?

A

Something that prevents
zygote formation; prevent
mating or fertilization

60
Q

What are the
prezygotic
barriers?

A

1.Behavioral
2.Temporal
3.Mechanical
4.Ecological
5.Gametic

61
Q

What can you
tell me about
the types of
prezygotic
barriers?

A
  • Behavioral
  • Courtship songs/dances
  • Mating calls
  • Mating preferences
  • Temporal
  • Time of year
  • Time of day
  • Different mating seasons
  • Mechanical
  • Female and male genitalia is
    complimentary
  • Ecological
  • Different niche
  • Different locations
  • Gametic
  • Gamete barrier
  • Egg- zona pellucida
  • Sperm- acrosome
62
Q

What are the
postzygotic
barriers

A

*Reduced hybrid
viability
*Reduced hybrid
fertility
*Hybrid
breakdown

63
Q

In what
postzygotic
barrier does
the hybrid
zygotes fail to
develop or live
long enough
to reproduce?

A

Reduced
hybrid
viability

64
Q

What is
reduced
hybrid
fertility?

A

1st generation
hybrids have
reduced survival
or reproductive
success; fail to
produce
functional
gametes; hybrid
offspring are
sterile

65
Q

What are
examples of
reduced
hybrid
fertility?

A

Liger
Mule

66
Q

What is hybrid
breakdown?

A

2nd generation of hybrids
are weak or sterile; can
reproduce hybrids may not
be as fit

67
Q

What is an
interbreeding
population of
individuals with
variation?

A

Species

bio 122 (3 decks)

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