Up to Thanksgiving Flashcards
The transition period is considered the __ weeks prior and ___ weeks post calving. (numeric)
The transition period is considered the 3 weeks prior and _3__ weeks post calving.
Reasons for the decline in number of farms but increase in number of cows per farm.
a) Changing pop demographics
b) Economies of scale
c) High capital costs
d) All of the above
D
T/F
Post calving, cry matter intake (DMI) lags behind milk yield causing cows to be in a neg E balance.
T
What does a Brit refractometer actually measure?
a) antibodies
b) total solids
c) bacteria
d) insulin
b) Total solids
According to new recommendations, we should deliver ___ to____ g of IgGs to a calf within 1-2 hrs of brith to have adequate passive immunity.
200 to 300
If I have colostrum that tested 25% brix (equivalent to 67 g/L of IgG) how many L of colostrum will I need to feed to reach the recommended target g of IgG?
a) 2.2L to 2.7L
b)0.7 to 1.5L
c) 10.5 to 11.9L
d) 3L to 4.5L
D. 3L to 4.5L
Passed the brix test. Above 22. Need 200-300 IgG and this sample has 67 g/L of IgG.
300/ 67= D.
T/F
Group rearing of dairy claves increases aggression
F
Calves should be offered high quality forage in early calf rearing. T/F
F
When calves drink milk the milk should enter the ____
Abomasum
What can be a neg outcome of pasteurizing colostrum?
a) Enhance efficiency of IgG absorption
b) kills ALL bacteria
c) Increases shelf life
d) Increases level of IgG detected in serum
B
What are the two top milk producing countries?
USA and India
WHat are the key milk exporters?
AUS, New Zealand, Argentina, USA
Main countries for the import of dairy genetics
USA!!!! Then Spain, Italy (small though)
Biggest milk producing provinces CAN?
Quebec (31.9), Ontario (36.8), then BC and AB (9)
Somatic cell count requirements. Below____
Below 400,000 cells/mL.
SCC increases with infection (mastitis).
Bacterial counts below_____?
122,000 IBC/mL or 50,000 CFU (colony forming units)
Cull rates of aprox 30%.
Volutary vs Involunary culling?
Voluntary: Low milk Prod, Bad genetics, More profitable offspring (incoming heifers)
Involuntary: Infertility, Disease, injury, death
Why do western CAN farmers get more milk per cow than rest of CAN
Farming philosophy. West are more business focused, East producers are less pressured
Do we report protein or true protein?
True protein (does not have urea and N included in value)
Reasons for decline and increase in the dariy farmers?
Decrease- educated children, independant careers. Small family run dairy farms declining. Economies of scale. Unfavourable costs of quota.
Increase- New entrant program subsidies. Other milking systems.
Main dairy breeds
Holstein (93%), Jersy (2%) and Ayrshire (2%)
Best for high milk fat?
JERSEY!
High butter fat and protein
Holsteins have more profitable milk yields but jerseys with greater components, which farmers are paid on. Why do they still but Holsteins
So much higher volumes of milk. Jerseys are less profitable under multiple component pricing. (Fat and Protein x milk yields).
Who has a shorter open period Jersey or Holstein?
Jersey shorter open period (115d). Fewer cull cows, fewer vet visits, lower semen costs… But still produce less profits a year and holstein (marginally)
Primiparous vs multiparous?
Primiparous- first lactation. Multiparous- 2+ lactations
Far-off vs close-up?
Far-off–> Dry up, to the last 3 wks of gestation
Close-up/ pre-fresh –> Last 3 weeks of gestation
Annual cycle of a dariy cow
Life cycle fo a dairy cow
When to voluntarily cull a cow?
WHen the expected profits from the current cow and less than the expected future profits of a replacement heifer/cow
Why does disease happen most often in the transition period (3wks before to 3wks after calving)?
Physiology changes, stress. Immune system weaker immediately after calving, higher risk animals
DAs, mastitis, milk fever, ketosis, metritis (inflammation of the uterus)
Mastectomy impacts on immune system
IMMUNOCOMPOMISED
What is homeorhesis?
WHen cows use body reserve to support lacation demands
The lactation curve
Prioritize nutirents for supporting location. Rapdi incerase in milk prod, DMI lags behind.
Homeorhesis- cows use body reserves to support lacation demands
Why a neg E balance
More E required than ingested there is a defect. Mobilizing fat and protein for utilization
FACTS:
Each lacation is a high risk time. Want to extent the lacation periods to reduce the time spend in these risk phases
FACTS!
Lacation period?
305d!
When does the peak milk yield occur?
6-8 weeks of lacation
When is there a neg E balance?
first 8-10 weeks of lacation
What are the 5 phases of feeding dairy cows?
Early lacation, mid-lactation, late-lactation, far-off dry period and close-up dry period.
Describe the early lacation and mid lactation on DMI, and milk yield.
Early lacation (0-10wk): Increasing milk yield, BW loss, Increasing DMI, peak milk yield
Milk lactation (10-30wk): Max feed intake (to max milk E output), slight or no BW change, Greg but low added requirements
Describe the late lactation, far-off dry period and close-up dry period.
Late lacation (30-44wk): Declining milk yield, BW and BCS gain
Far-off dry period: Regression, then regenration of udder tissues. Fetal requirements much higher.
Close-up dry period: Cell division, differentiation. Get her ready for calving!
Postnatal phase conventional management
Immediate removal from the dam, treatment to prevent infection, Promote passive innune transfer and gut development. Rearing to promote adequate growth (housing type, how/when to wean, amount of milk or replacer).
How much colostrum and in what time period?
> 50g/L of IgG
Adequate volume (4L) of 200g IgG.
Ideally reach more to 300g
Why is passive immunity so important?
Antibodies don’t cross the coteledon placental attachment, they don’t have an immune system at birth
What value is failure for passive immune transfer?
<10 mg/Lm IgG
How does a Colostrometer measure colostrum?
Specific gravity to predict IgG.
Green zone is 50-140 mg/mL
How does a Brix refractometer tell colostrum?
It doesn’t it measures total solids. 2-3 drops of colostrum.
22% brix is equal to 50 mg/mL of IgG
What does RID stand for?
Radial immunodiffusion
How can colostrum be fed?
Tube feeding, bottle with needle (warmed to to body temp).
HEat treating colostrum, how hot for how long?
60 degrees fro 60 min
What does STP stand for?
Serum total protein
Naval management for newborns
Dip calf navel (7% iodine solution) and remove debris. Check at 24hrs and re-dip if not dry.
Infections with wet navels
What does NLID stand for? Calf tag
National livestock ID- for dairy
When do we wean dairy cow?
8-10 weeks
What percent of cows will deliver without any help?
95%.
5% with dystocia
Best way to address heel wart problem?
Foot baths
What do systemic antibiotics work for?
Footrot
Antibiotics applied right to foot only work for?
Heel warts.
Delay the recovery of other lesions. Same for CuSO4. Beware of withhold times
Implications of mastitis?
What is the SCC limit?
Decreased milk prod, treatment costs, milk discards.
400,000 cells/mL
5 point plan for mastitis milking?
- Hygienic milking and housing management.
- Prompt clinical mastitis treatment
- Blanket dry cow treatment
- Cull chronically affected cattle
- Regular milking machine maintenance.
What is a positive initial discrimination learning vs neg?
Positive: Approaching for a reward
Neg: Do not approach, time out punishment
How does social housing impact discrimination learning?
Socially house cows will learnt the rules quicker and re-learn new rules quicker.
They will also be more bold and confident and approach new thing and environment easier than individual
WHere is the esophageal groove?
Calves are fed milk and the esophageal groove funnels milk form esophagus to abomasum
What do Rennin and Pepsin do in the rumen?
In the abomasum, Clot the milk and have low pH for denaturing the proteins. Leave just curd which is proken into AAs, peptides and absorbed in small intestine.
What is lactose broke down into?
Glucose and Galactose, which are quickly absorbed into the small intestine.
WHat is a downside to plant milk replacer?
Lower protein digestibility or plant based milk replacer. Cheeper for a producer to buy
What are the pros and cons of feeding whole milk?
Pros: Broad range of nutrients and other components. Highly palatable.
Cons: Might not be homogenous (getting from bulk tank). Degradable bacteria can be bad if not managed well. Costly
Why would we feed the next gen salable whole milk?
Consitent quality milk, rather than waste. The next gen is worth it. The can be a increase SSC in waste milk. Extra prod gains of high quality milk.
Acidified milk, meaning and pros/cons?
Propionic or citric acid (acidified milk) for easy access to the Kreb cycle.
Pros: Cheap and easy to keep
Cons: Palatability issues and mixing difficulties (separation).
Milk replacer, what is it, pros and cons
By prod of the milk processing industry. But cannot replicate the value of transition milk.
Pros: Cost effective. Homogenous. FIts most nutritional objectives. Practical and not degradable.
Cons: May lack nutrients and other components, palatability issues, protein source may cause issues (diarrhea), mixing issues
Conventional vs accelerated feeding programs
What is the role of starter in an accelerated feeding program?
Important in rumen development.
Forage will increase physical size of rumen.
What does a higher milk allowance result in?
Increased BW
What percentage of the West have lesions?
Lesions (lameness) 50% on at least one limb
Do antimicrobials exist in nature?
Yes antimicrobial resistance exisits in nature, with antibiotics we select for this trait.
How does microbial resistance happen?
Under certain conditions, selective pressure drives evolution of mechanisms which allow it to resist antimicrobials.
Not enough bacteria has dies, is now resisitant and passes it to other microbes.
What are the key Ag causes of antimicrobial resistance?
Over prescription. Incompomplete compliance. Poor infection control in health care settings. Poor hygiene and sanitation. Limited discover of new antimicrobials.
Systemic use antimicrobials.
Examples: ?
Procain penicillin G,
Trimethoprim sulpha,
Ceftiofur
Local (for mastitis) antibiotics:
Cephapirin, Pirlimycin, Cloxacillin, Ceftiofur
Why do we need to be CAREFUL with Ceftiofur?
It is a popular antibiotic, no withhold period.
What deos extralabel drug use mean?
Using the product with a Health Canada DIN that is inconsistent with the label usage.
The use of a product without a Health Canada DIN.
What is a VCPR?
Vetrenarian- client- patient- relationship.
Owner agreeing to treatment from vet, Vet is responsible for clinical judgement and suggestions.
WHich things do not respond to lameness?
Diarrhea, lameness (except footrot) and staph aureus (mastitis)
When can things be used off label?
With permission from VCPR
What percentage of cows will culture neg for mastis?
20-40%
When are cows more prone to mastitis? Lacation or dry off?
Dry off. 40%
How can we tell the infected quarter?
SCC adn clinical data from Lactate. Culture?
How do we prevent bacterial growth for cows drying off?
Teat sealant
Best way to identify disease of the dead animal?
Necropsies
What does the Welfare Code have to say about disbudding, dehorning and castration?
Pain control must be used for both and bleeding control for dehorning.
What are the two types of painkillers?
Local anesthetic and non-steriol anti-inflammatory (NSAID).
What is an example of a local anesthetic and a NSAID?
Two types of painkillers.
Local anesthetic- Lidocaine. Block nerve condition fro 2-3hrs. Acidic, can neutralize the sting with bicarb.
Non- sterol anti-inflammatory (NSAID).
Meloxicam (Metacam), blocks inflammatory mediators, including pain response.
What does NSAID stand for?
Non-sterol anti-inflammatory.
Euthanasian by gun on farm
The landmarks
Give examples of animals that are unfit for transport
Lameness causing pain, very thin, signs of dying, prolapsed, close to/after calving.
Give examples of compromised animals –> Can still travel to recieve aid
Bloat, frostbite, minor rectal/vaginal prolapse, peak lactation
What is the half life of Oxytocin?
3-4 minutes
Describe milk letdown
Contraction of myoepithelial cells 20-60 dec after stimulation. Blood oxytocin decreases quickly, so must be quick. Want a complete removal of milk from alveoli
Why do we forestry?
A visual check fro mastitis. Checks for udder swelling, redness, soreness.
Always wear gloves
When to attach the milker?
60-90 sec of initiation of udder prep
5 steps for cleaning the milking equipment
- Warm water (removes residual milk)
- Alkaline detergent with chlorine 10-15 min
- Acid rinse 10-15
- Warm water rinse
- Sanitizing solution just before next milking
What are the roles of milk, start and forage for calves?
Milk- meet nutirent mantienence for slow growth 4-6L/day
Starter- Rumen developments and suppliment early growth
Forage- Decrease starter intake and consequently decrease rumen development
What do people choose, conventional or accelerated?
They chose conventional but they will make more if they chose accelerated. Cost more upfront but there is ROI, it encourages more gain as feed cost is lower for calf BW
What does higher milk allowance do to BW?
Increases BW
How much milk is ideal to get calves eating more grain before step down?
6L calves eat more grian before step down diet
Starter or forage?
VFA production, high in E, palatable.
Low in E, ruminal abrasion, bulk (dilutes E), rumination
Starter- VFA production, high in E, palatable.
Forage- Low in E, ruminal abrasion, bulk (dilutes E), rumination
Is milk removed via neg or pos pressure?
Posative pressure
why don’t we use pushers to get them to the milker?
Stresses them and reduceds oxytocin letdown
WHat is a milker normal flow rate?
flow rate of 2-5 kg/min for 5-8 min depending on milk yield
What is FLS describe….
How are FA’s broken down?
Beta ox
What is the outcome of complete ox?
ATP, water and CO2
WHat is the outcome od incomplete ox?
KETONE bodies. Which can be used by alomst all other tissues
What is the outcome of impared metabolism?
TG deposition in the liver, reduced gluconeogenic capacity
Why do cows mobilize body reserves- beyond neg E balance?
Fat reserves to meet E demand for lactation. Critical for the cow to make sure her calf survives
Why does ketosis happen?
Inability of TCA to oxidize acetyl caA. NEFA can accumulate as TG in the liver.
Acetyl coA converted to ketone bodies. Released from liver into blood, milk and urine
What are the three ketone bodies we are concerned about?
B-hydroybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone
Why does FLS happen?
Fatty liver syndrome-
Accumulation of fat in liver. Export of VLDL in liver but too slow. Faster rate of TG synth that the liver can export. Synth> export= build up of FA in liver.
Inpares liver function. Fat stores reeduces when +ve E balance
Symptoms of ketosis
Inappetance, reduced Milk yield. BW loss.
Elevated blood, urine levels of ketones. Cow-side ketone tests using strips.
Acetone, sweet breath
What does FLS do to immune function?
Immune cells impress. Increased risk of bacterial infection (mastitis, mettritis, pneumonia. Mortalitiy as high as 50%)
How can we stop ketosis and FLS?
Boost glucose supply. Imporve ability for complete ox of FA. Decrease fat mobilization which decreases NEFA supply
How to treat ketosis?
500mL dextrose sol’n orally or IV. Dxtrose rapidly excrete via kidney.
Propylene glycol orally (125-250g) twice daily. Fermented to prop in rumen, precursor for gluconeogenesis. Boosts glucose supply
Treatment of FLS?
Poor response to treatment, boost glucose staut for milk or moderate.
14d glucagon inclusion, but it is impractical.
Cull cows with severe FLS, ralapse is high
Glucagon is the antagonis of insulin. Counteract the insulin effect can counteract the NEFA release from adiposites
What is the goldilocks diet
Don’t feed them too much E, they will deposit it
WHat can Cr do?
Related to gluconeogenesis (cofactor). Elevated Cr might reduce risk of ketosis
What about the role of Choline as a supplementation?
It is a methyl donor. Increase rate of VLDL export. Important component of cell membranes.
Required for phophatidylcholine synthesis; component of VLDL.
DM intake increases with increase dose of choline
Choline is a precursor of many things…
WHat is RPC?
WHat is the role of fit-B?
Lots of cofactors to gluconeogenesis. Reduces ketone bodies, B-hydroxybutyrate specifically. Feed rumen protected B-vit, taken up in small intestine so they aren’t degraded by rumen microbes.
NIACIN (vit-B)
Monensin suppliementation
Premix, stays in the rumen for 90d, slow release.
Administered 2-3 wk pre-partum. promotes prop-type ferm.
May increase glucose precursor and glucose supply.
Reduced B-hydroxybutyrate.
Monensin reduces DM intake, don’t want that in transition Dairy
Can kept reduce risk of ketosis
What can happen if you restrict E intake in dry period?
Rear quarters are more developed, produce what % of milk?
Produce 60% of milk
WHat is the milk-secreting system?
Alveoli
Why is a storng support system important
Helps prevent milking difficulties, reduce pendular udder. Minimize injury
Median vs laterial suspensory?
The median suspensory ligament?
Provides primary support. Attached udder to abdominal wall. Inter-mammary groove marks mosition of Median suspensory ligament.
Elastic tissue, changes in size and weight of udder that occur with milk prod
Structure of alveolus
Milk secreting epithelia cell. Layer of cells grouped in a sphere. Hollow center (lumen).
Surrounded by blood capillaries and myoepithelial cells. Secreted milk found in lumen
The duct system, teat and streak canal…
1kg of milk = ____kg of blood?
1kg of milk= 400-500kh of blood through mammary gland
managment factors which improve milk yield
Nutrition, genetic selection, environment factors, cow comfort and health.
Managment factors- milk freq, hormone manipulation, photoperiod managment
WHat does freqent milking stimulate?
More prolieferation of cells, driving more alveoli and larger alveoli in early lactation
Whta is the dry period?
Non-lactating pepriod prior to impending parturition. Optimizes milk prod in subsequent lacation.
DRY PERIOD of 45-50d.
20-25% reduction in MY with no dry period
Drying off cows
WHat is active involution?
Initial involution. 21-30d of dry period. Milk accumulates 204d then rapidly decline due to apoptosis. Lactose levels decline rapidly. Lactoferrin level increases markedly. Lactoferrin levle increases markedly.
What happens during active involution?
High susptibility of inter-mammary infection early dry period. lack of milk removal promotes bacterial growth. teat-end disinfection is stopped. Ketatin plug not fully developed
Steady state involution
Mid dry period. Teats have become sealed. SMall fluid volume in gland. High [ ] of leukocyte, lactoferrin, ig.
Apoptosis continues
Late dry period
Redevelopment and colostrogenesis.
begins 3-4 wk pre-partum. Cell division and diff.
[ ] of major milk constituents increase in 2 wk pre-partum.
Leukocyte, lactoferrin decrease. Ig increase as colostrum is being formed
WHat happens in redvelopment and colostrogenesis?
High suseptability to new IMI in late dry period.Cow start to enter neg E balance.
Fluid accumulation, teat leakage, leukocyte and lactoferrin low
How much does feed intake drop by around calving?
DMI drops 30-40%
Increase or decrease?
Rapid increase in milk prod: DMI ______, fat reserves ______, body weight _______/
Rapid increase in milk prod: DMI decreases, fat reserves are mobilized into NEFA (decrease), decrease/loss of body weight
When do most infectious disease and metabolic disorders start?
In the transition period, Last 3 wk of gestations + first 3wk of lactation.
Milk fever, ketosis, retained fetal membranes, DA.
What is primary ketosis?
Ketosis occuring by not underlying condition. Molbilizeing too much fat
What is happening int he pre-partum phase?
There will be a decline in DMI (calf takes up space). Increase in E demand, from fetal and mammary development (lactogenesis).
Enter the neg E balance.
NEFA occurs primarily post-partum
WHat is SARA pH?
acidosis below 5.8
Does steaming up work to reduced reduction in DMI?
NO, increases DMI and still doesn’t reduce risk of acidosis.
Roles of Ca?
Most abundant mineral in the body. 98% structural.
Bone mineralization, coagulation, cardiac action potentials, cell signalling, muscle contractility
What stimulated PTH release?
Low blood Ca
What doe PTH do?
Production of vit D, Kidney reabsorption, bone resorption.
What is calcitrol and what does it do?
Vit D3, increases intestinal absorption
How does the mammary gland contribute to regulation?
PTHrP
Why are older cows more susceptible to milk fever?
Increased milk prod, high Ca demand.
Efficiency of Ca absorption declines with age.
Cows with prior milk fever experience are more susceptible.
Jerseys also more susceptible.
Does incomplete milking prevent milk fever?
No effect
Symptoms of milk fever?
Nerve, muscle function impaired
Loss of appetite, drop in milk prod, unsteadiness, incoordination dulleye, pupils dilated, signs of depression, sleepy attitude.
Zoelite does what?
Tricks the body into thinking it is low in Ca 21-28d prior to calving. It binds to Ca
Why would we give a diet low in Ca in the dry period?
Its hard to do.
But to increase efficiency of intestinal absorption, stimulate bone resorption.
Ca-binding agents: Zeolite, veg oils.
Watch Ca:P ratio. Ideally 2:1. High dietary P reduces Ca absorption
