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HIST 1021 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 3rd estate?

A

Common people of France

The 3rd estate included peasants, artisans, and bourgeoisie.

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2
Q

When did the 3rd estate break off from the Estates General to form the National Assembly?

A

June 1789

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3
Q

What is the Estates General?

A

Legislative assembly divided into 3 estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

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4
Q

When and why was the Estates General formed?

A

On 5 May 1789 in Versailles to battle the French financial crisis by Louis XVI.

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5
Q

What significant event occurred on August 4, 1789?

A

The National Assembly abolished the feudal system.

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6
Q

What happened on July 14, 1789?

A

Storming of the Bastille, signifying the victory of the ‘people’ against the ancient French regime.

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7
Q

What was the role of the encyclopedia edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert?

A

Promoted Enlightenment ideals: reason, secular thought, and science vs. traditional authority.

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8
Q

What event marked the end of the monarchy in France?

A

Execution of Louis XVI by guillotine on January 21, 1793.

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9
Q

Who was Louis XVI?

A

King of France from 1774-1792; deposed in 1792 during the revolution.

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10
Q

How did Louis XVI fuel the revolution?

A

His inability to manage the financial crisis and resistance to reform.

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11
Q

Who was Marie Antoinette?

A

Queen of France and wife of King Louis; Austrian born.

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12
Q

Why was Marie Antoinette hated?

A

Criticized for her extravagant lifestyle and indifference to popular suffering.

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13
Q

What significant event occurred on October 16, 1793?

A

Marie Antoinette executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

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14
Q

What does the Bastille symbolize?

A

Royal tyranny.

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15
Q

Who were the sans-culottes?

A

Working class and revolutionaries advocating for social and economic equality.

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16
Q

What were the Jacobins?

A

Revolutionary political club of middle-class lawyers and intellectuals advocating for centralized government and no monarchy.

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17
Q

What were the Girondins?

A

Moderates who wanted to keep the monarchy and establish a constitutional government.

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18
Q

What is a guillotine?

A

Execution device used extensively during the revolution; considered a ‘humane’ way of executing.

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19
Q

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?

A

Leading figure in the revolution known for his role in the Reign of Terror.

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20
Q

What happened on July 28, 1794?

A

Maximilien Robespierre executed by guillotine, ending the Reign of Terror.

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21
Q

What was the Thermidorian Reaction?

A

Reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror; marked a shift away from radicalism.

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22
Q

What was The Directory?

A

Established post-Reign of Terror; five-member executive body that lasted for 4 years.

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23
Q

When did The Directory span?

A

1795-1799.

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24
Q

What was the Battle of Trafalgar?

A

1805 naval battle where British Admiral Nelson defeated Napoleon’s navy.

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25
What was the Battle of Austerlitz?
1805; Napoleon's biggest victory leading to the end of the anti-French alliance.
26
What was the Third Coalition?
Anti-French alliance of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden.
27
What was the significance of the Battle of Borodino?
Symbolized Russian national resistance; bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era.
28
What was the Continental Blockade?
Napoleon's economic system to weaken Britain, which backfired and hurt continental Europe.
29
What happened at the Battle of Waterloo?
1815 final defeat of Napoleon, ending the 'Hundred Days.'
30
Where was Napoleon sent after he abdicated post-Battle of Waterloo?
Saint Helena.
31
What was the Battle of Leipzig?
Decisive defeat of Napoleon by the Sixth Coalition; start of his downfall.
32
Who was Johann Gottfried von Herder?
German philosopher advocating intuition over reason and focusing on national culture.
33
What did Ossianism promote?
Romantic nationalism and cultural pride.
34
What is Walter Scott credited for inventing?
The historic novel.
35
What was the Congress of Vienna?
1814-15 meeting of European powers to restore old order and suppress revolution.
36
Who was Alexander I?
Tsar of Russia who helped lead the coalition to defeat Napoleon.
37
What did Alexander I advocate for?
A 'strong' Russia and promotion of Christian values.
38
Who was Maurice de Talleyrand?
French diplomat at the Congress of Vienna who promoted balance of power.
39
What does the Holy Alliance symbolize?
Resistance to change.
40
What was Congress Poland?
Semi-autonomous Polish state created during the Congress of Vienna.
41
What was the Eastern Question?
Debate among European powers on who should control the declining Ottoman Empire.
42
Who were the Phanariotes?
Wealthy Greek families in the Phanar district of Constantinople.
43
What role did the Phanariotes serve in the Ottoman Empire?
They served as Ottoman administrators.
44
In what movements were the Phanariotes key figures?
Nationalist movements and the 1821 revolution.
45
What happened to the Phanariotes' elite status after Greece gained independence?
They lost their elite status.
46
examples of 3rd estate
peasants, artisans and bourgeoisie
47
july monarchy
1830-1848
48
what was the july monarchy
constitutional monarchy established in France after the July Revolution of 1830; overthrew King Charles X
49
who was installed in the july monarchy
Louis-Philippe as "King of the French" rather than "King of France"; to emphasize popular sovereignty
50
what was july monarchy known for
favouring the bourgeoisie; maintaining property-based voting rights
51
how did july monarchy end
with the revolution of 1848; led to the "second republic"
52
Charles Fourier
french philoshoper who criticized industrial capitalism; founder of utopian socialism
53
what did charles fourier advocate for
self-sustaining communities called “phalanges”; social harmony and that individuals should work jobs they enjoy; COOPERATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS
54
robert owen
british industrialist + early socialist reformer
55
what did robert owen do
improved conditions for factory workers; created experimental utopian communities
56
what did owen advocate for
free wages, child labour laws and free education
57
karl marx
german philosopher; criticized capitalism for exploitation + class struggle; wanted a classless society
58
what did karl marx write
co-authored "the communist manifesto" which called for proletarian revolution
59
how did marxism influence future
laid the foundation for later communist revolutions
60
nicholas I of russia
russian tsar; motto - "orthodoxy, autocracy and nation"; resisted liberalist movements; led russia during crimean war
61
what did nicholas I do
surpressed the decembrist revolt; instrumental for creating an independent greek state; led russia in crimean war but resulted disastrously
62
klemens von metternich
austrian diplomat; champion of conservatism; helped form alliance against Napoleon
63
what did klemens believe
a return to monarchies and pre-napoleonic europe would restore peace; failed in the end for being over-conservative and repressive
64
louis philippe
known as the "citizen king"; installed after july revolution of 1830; ruled during july monarchy
65
what did louis philippe advocate for
supported the upper class; faced major criticism for corruption + inequality; overthrown then fled to england
66
hungry forties
1840s - widespread economic struggle + famine; led to calls for political reform and revolution
67
what was hungry forties caused by
crop failures; ex. irish potato famine
68
giuseppe mazzini
italian nationalist + republican; founded "young italy" - pushing for unification; considered "spiritual father" for italian unification
69
what did mazzini believe in
democratic + popular nationalism; importance of youth in political change
70
what did mazzini try to do
establish the roman republic in 1849 but failed
71
camillo di cavour
PM of piedmont-sardinia; key figure in ITALIAN UNIFICATION
72
how did camillo unify italy
through diplomacy, reforms + limited war; successfully provoked austria into war + got italy control over Lombardy

HIST 1021 (1 decks)

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