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Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is data analysis primarily defined as?

A

The task of transforming, summarizing, or modeling data to allow the user to make meaningful conclusions.

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2
Q

What is the role of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)?

A

A federal agency that administers Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program.

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3
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

Range of values that likely contain the true population mean.

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4
Q

What does data refer to in healthcare?

A

Dates, numbers, images, symbols, letters, and words that stand for basic facts and observations about people, processes, measurements, and conditions.

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5
Q

What is data mining?

A

A process used in healthcare to find and filter out patterns in large databases.

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6
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Data analysis techniques that describe the distribution of the data.

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7
Q

What is distribution in statistics?

A

The pattern of values or observations of a variable.

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8
Q

What is exploratory data analysis?

A

An approach to analyzing data for the purpose of formulating hypotheses or identifying patterns.

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9
Q

True or False: Hypothesis testing is an inferential statistics concept.

A

True

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10
Q

What is inferential statistics?

A

Techniques that allow researchers to make generalizations about a population based on data from a sample.

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11
Q

What is an interval scale?

A

Data that represent categories with an order and consistent differences between values, but no true zero point.

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12
Q

What is a nominal scale?

A

The lowest level of measurement, where data are categorized into mutually exclusive groups with no inherent order.

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13
Q

What is predictive modeling?

A

The use of data and statistical techniques to create models that predict future outcomes.

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14
Q

What is primary data analysis?

A

When the analyst who collected the data performs the analysis.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ data can be further categorized into nominal and ordinal scales.

A

Qualitative

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16
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical data that can be measured and ordered, with meaningful differences between values.

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17
Q

What is a ratio scale?

A

The highest level of measurement, possessing all characteristics of interval data, plus a true zero point.

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18
Q

What are Recovery Audit Contractors?

A

Third-party entities contracted by CMS to identify and recover improper Medicare payments.

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19
Q

What is secondary analysis?

A

When someone other than the original data collector performs the analysis.

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20
Q

What is structured data?

A

Data that are stored in a consistent format, making them easy to access and analyze.

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21
Q

What is unstructured data?

A

Data that do not have a predefined format and are more difficult to analyze directly.

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22
Q

What is an ambulatory patient classification (APC)?

A

A grouping system used for outpatient services under Medicare’s prospective payment system.

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23
Q

What is the CMS-1500 form?

A

A standardized claim form used by non-institutional providers and suppliers to bill Medicare and other payers.

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24
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Assesses whether a measurement tool accurately reflects the underlying concept it is intended to measure.

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25
What is content validity?
Assesses whether a measurement tool comprehensively covers all aspects of the concept it is intended to measure.
26
What does criterion validity assess?
How well a measurement tool aligns with an external, established criterion.
27
What is Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)?
A standardized coding system used to report medical procedures and services.
28
What is the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)?
A standardized coding system that represents procedures, supplies, products, and services not included in the CPT codes.
29
What is the ICD-10-CM?
The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification, used for diagnosis coding in the U.S.
30
What is the ICD-10-PCS?
The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Procedure Coding System, used for inpatient procedure coding in the U.S.
31
What is the Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS)?
Medicare's system for paying hospitals for inpatient services.
32
What is a foreign key in a database?
An attribute in one table that references a primary key in another table.
33
What is a primary key?
An attribute or a set of attributes that uniquely identifies each record in a table.
34
What is a query in database terms?
A request for information from a database.
35
What does R Commander provide?
A menu-driven user interface for R.
36
What is a scatter plot?
A graphical presentation involving two ratio variables plotted on the x-axis and y-axis.
37
What is Statistical Analysis System (SAS)?
A software package used for data analytics.
38
What is an alpha level?
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (Type I error).
39
What is the alternative hypothesis?
The hypothesis that is accepted when the null hypothesis is rejected.
40
What is a bell curve?
A visual representation of a normal distribution, symmetric around the mean.
41
What is a binary variable?
A categorical variable with only two possible values.
42
What is a chi-square test used for?
To determine if there is a significant association between two or more categorical variables.
43
What does the confidence interval for proportions represent?
A range of values likely to contain the true population proportion with a certain level of confidence.
44
What are contingency tables?
A table used to display the frequency distribution of two or more categorical variables.
45
What is the concept of critical value?
The value that defines the rejection region in a hypothesis test.
46
What is the daily inpatient census?
The number of patients present in the hospital at a particular point in time each day.
47
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
48
What is a frequency distribution?
A summary of how often each value occurs in a dataset.
49
What is the gross autopsy rate?
The number of autopsies performed divided by the number of deaths.
50
What is the gross mortality rate?
The number of deaths during a period divided by the number of discharges during that period.
51
What is a histogram?
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
52
What is the incidence rate?
The number of new cases of a disease or condition in a population at risk during a specific time period.
53
What does it mean for two events to be independent?
The occurrence of one category does not affect the probability of the occurrence of another category.
54
What is the inpatient bed occupancy rate?
The proportion of inpatient beds occupied relative to the total number of available beds.
55
What is net autopsy rate?
The number of inpatient autopsies divided by the number of inpatient deaths.
56
What is the null hypothesis?
A statement of no effect or no difference, which the researcher tries to disprove.
57
What is the p-value?
The probability of observing a sample statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the statistic obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
58
What does percentile rank represent?
The percentage of scores in a distribution that are equal to or below a particular score.
59
What is period prevalence?
The proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at any point during a specific time period.
60
What is point prevalence?
The proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a particular point in time.
61
What is the prevalence rate?
The proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a specific time.
62
What is the standard error?
A measure of the variability of a sample statistic.
63
What is a test statistic?
A value calculated from sample data used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.
64
What is a two sample Z-test for proportions?
A statistical test used to compare the proportions of two independent samples.
65
What is a Type I error?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (false positive).
66
What is a Type II error?
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative).
67
What must a test statistic value exceed for statistical significance?
It must be larger than the critical value.
68

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