Untitled Deck Flashcards
What is the trend of urban areas in global population growth?
Significant growth
What happened to rural populations around 2008?
Rural and urban populations were equal
When did the first large-scale urbanization occur?
During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century in Europe and North America
What percentage of the global population was in megacities in 2000?
3.6%
What is the expected percentage of the global population in megacities by 2030?
8.6%
What percentage of urbanization was observed in Western Europe in 1950?
75%
What was the urbanization percentage in the USA in 1980?
74%
What is the urbanization rate in the USA as of present day?
89%
What economic activity concentrates in urban areas?
Trade and exchange
What percentage of the UK GDP does London contribute?
22%
List three benefits of urban growth.
- Increased trade
- Agglomeration economies
- Improved quality of life
What are the negative effects of urban sprawl?
- Increased water runoff
- Reduced aquifer replenishment
- Higher flood risks
What model describes urban expansion along transport routes?
Hoyt model
What was the population of St. Ives in 1961?
3,800
What is urbanization?
Increase in people living in cities/towns
Define megacity.
City with >10 million people
What is globalization?
Increased global interconnectedness via trade/culture
What drives rural-to-urban migration?
- Industrialization
- Mechanized farming
What are suburban areas characterized by?
- Larger homes
- Green spaces
- Less crime
- More family-friendly
List two causes of suburbanization.
- Pollution
- Overcrowding
What is counter-urbanization?
Migration from cities to rural areas
What are two negative impacts of counter-urbanization?
- Increased house prices
- Reduced public transport
What are the contributing factors to urban resurgence?
- Property-led regeneration
- Growth in retail centers
What is deindustrialization?
Decline of manufacturing in the UK during the 1970s-80s
What is the difference between greenfield and brownfield sites?
- Greenfield: Undeveloped land
- Brownfield: Formerly developed land
What is urban morphology?
The structure and layout of urban areas influenced by natural and man-made factors
What is the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI)?
Urban areas tend to be warmer than their rural surroundings due to human activities
What causes urban precipitation to increase?
Urban Heat Island effect creating local convection
What are the sources of air pollution?
- Vehicles
- Industrial activities
- Burning of fossil fuels
What is the impact of air pollutants on health?
Exacerbates respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
What is a flood hydrograph?
A graph showing the response of a river to rainfall
What are push factors for urban migration?
- Over-agriculture
- Conflict
- Natural disasters
What are Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS)?
Systems designed to manage urban drainage and reduce flooding
What is river restoration?
Restoring rivers to their natural course by removing embankments
What is the case study of Cheonggyecheon River in Seoul known for?
Transforming a freeway into a green pedestrian corridor
What are the two main approaches to waste disposal?
- Recycling
- Incineration
What are the positive aspects of incineration?
- Reduces waste volume by 90%
- Generates energy
What is a disadvantage of landfills?
Environmental threats and methane production
