Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is Sensation?

Answer 1

The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain.

Question 2

what is perception?

Answer 2

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.

Question 3

What are the Stages of Sensation?

Answer 3

sense, convert, transmit, perceive

Question 4

sense

Answer 4

receptor cells detect stimuli.

Question 5

convert

Answer 5

Receptor cells transduce stimuli into neural impulses.

Question 6

transmit

Answer 6

Messages travel to the brain via the nervous system.

Question 7

perceive

Answer 7

The brain assigns meaning to sensory input.

Question 8

What is Absolute Threshold?

Answer 8

The minimum amount of stimulus needed to be consciously detected 50% of the time.

Question 9

What is Difference Threshold?

Answer 9

The minimal difference in stimulus strength that is detectable 50% of the time.

Question 10

What is Sensory Adaptation?

Answer 10

When a constant stimulus is presented, sensory receptors become less sensitive and fire less frequently.

Question 11

What is Gate Control Theory?

Answer 11

the experience of pain depends on whether the message passes the “gatekeeper” in the spinal cord.

Question 12

What is Phantom Limb Pain?

Answer 12

Sensations, including pain, in a missing limb due to conflicting nerve signals.

Question 13

What is the Pathway of Light in Vision?

Answer 13

Light -> Cornea -> Pupil -> Lens -> Retina -> Optic Nerve.

Question 14

Nearsightedness

Answer 14

image reaches focus infront of the retina (can see near objects

Question 15

Farsightedness:

Answer 15

image reaches focus behindthe retina (can see far away objects)

Question 16

what is the Trichromatic Theory of Color?

Answer 16

Three color-sensitive systems: red, green, and blue; mixing them produces full color perception.

Question 17

What is the Opponent-Process Theory?

Answer 17

Color perception is based on opposing color pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, black/white.

Question 18

What is the Pathway of Sound in Hearing?

Answer 18

Ear Drum -> Hammer -> Anvil -> Stirrup -> Cochlea.

Question 19

What is Olfaction?

Answer 19

The sense of smell; information is processed in the olfactory bulb, bypassing the thalamus.

Question 20

What is the Purpose of Taste (Gustation)?

Answer 20

Helps detect safe vs. harmful foods; taste receptors transduce information to the brain.

Question 21

What are Gestalt Principles?

Answer 21

The brain organizes sensory input into whole patterns, such as figure-ground perception.

Question 22

What is Bottom-Up Processing?

Answer 22

Sensory data is sent up to the brain for higher-level analysis.

Question 23

What is Top-Down Processing?

Answer 23

Perception is driven by expectations and prior knowledge.

Question 24

What is Consciousness?

Answer 24

Awareness of internal events and external environment.

Question 25

What is Selective Attention?

Answer 25

the ability to focus awareness on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

Question 26

Alternate State of Consciousness

Answer 26

any mental state different from ordinary wakingconsciousnesso Examples: sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc...

Question 27

What is Circadian Rhythm?

Answer 27

The 24-hour biological clock regulating bodily functions.

Question 28

dreams occur when?

Answer 28

REM stage of sleep

Question 29

What are the Stages of Sleep?

Answer 29

Stage 1: Theta Waves.Stage 2: Sleep Spindles.Stage 3: Delta Waves.Stage 4: Slower Delta Waves.REM: Low voltage, high-frequency activity (dreaming).

Question 30

Adaptation/Protection Theory

Answer 30

conserve energy and protection frompredators

Question 31

Repair/Restoration Theory

Answer 31

recuperate from daily activities

Question 32

Insomnia

Answer 32

Trouble falling/staying asleep.

Question 33

Sleep Apnea

Answer 33

Interrupted breathing during sleep.

Question 34

Nightmares

Answer 34

Disruptive bad dreams in REM.

Question 35

Sleep Terrors

Answer 35

Panic episodes in non-REM sleep.

Question 36

What are Psychoactive Drugs?

Answer 36

Substances altering consciousness, perception, or behavior.

Question 37

Agonist drugs

Answer 37

Mimics/enhances neurotransmitter effects.

Question 38

Antagonist drugs

Answer 38

Inhibits/blocks neurotransmitter activity.

Question 39

Drug Abuse

Answer 39

drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to self or others

Question 40

Addiction

Answer 40

body requires drug to function; the outcome of tolerance anddependence

Question 41

Depressants Reduce arousal (e.g.

Answer 41

alcohol).

Question 42

Stimulants Increase arousal (e.g.

Answer 42

caffeine).

Question 43

Opiates Treat pain (e.g.

Answer 43

morphine).

Question 44

Hallucinogens Alter perception (e.g.

Answer 44

LSD).

Question 45

What is the Effect of Sleep Deprivation? Impaired cognition

Answer 45

mood swings

Question 46

What is Motivation? Factors that activate

Answer 46

direct

Question 47

What is Emotion? A subjective feeling involving arousal

Answer 47

cognition

Question 48

What is Instinct Theory? Unlearned behaviors driven by evolutionary survival needs.

Question 49

What is Drive-Reduction Theory? Motivation arises from physiological needs that seek balance (homeostasis).

Question 50

What is the Optimal-Arousal Theory? People seek an ideal level of arousal for performance.

Question 51

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 51

A model where basic physiological needs must be met before higher needs like self-actualization.

Question 52

What is Incentive Theory?

Answer 52

Motivation results from external stimuli that “pull” an organism in certain directions. ## Footnote Example: promotion, getting paid, personal goals

Question 53

What are Cognitive Theories of motivation?

Answer 53

Motivation is affected by attributions and expectations.

Question 54

What are Attributions?

Answer 54

The way we think about events and the actions of ourselves and others. ## Footnote Example: I made a good grade on the test because I studied hard. Example: I made a good grade because I got lucky; the test was easy.

Question 55

What are Expectancies?

Answer 55

What we think or assume will happen. ## Footnote Example: I work overtime without pay because I anticipate a promotion. Example: I leave work early because I do not think it will negatively affect me.

Question 56

What is Obesity?

Answer 56

Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above, based on height and weight.

Question 57

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Answer 57

An eating disorder characterized by severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and obsessive fear of obesity.

Question 58

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 58

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by purging: self-induced vomiting, extreme exercise, laxative use, and other medication. ## Footnote Vomiting damages teeth, throat, stomach; leads to

Question 59

What is the Sexual Response Cycle?

Answer 59

Masters and Johnson’s description of the four-stage bodily response to sexual arousal, which consists of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 60

What is Sexual Orientation?

Answer 60

A primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosexual, gay, lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or the other sex (heterosexual).

Question 61

Sexual Prejudice

Answer 61

a negative attitudetoward an individual because of his or hersexual orientation. Formerly “homophobia”

Question 62

James-Lange

Answer 62

the subjectiveexperience of emotion resultsfrom physiological changesrather than being its cause (“Ifeel sad because I’m crying”

Question 63

Cannon-Bard

Answer 63

emotions andphysiological changes occursimultaneously (“I’m crying andfeel sad at the same time”

Question 64

Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory

Answer 64

emotiondepends on two factors –physiological arousal andcognitive labeling (wedding vs.funeral crying)