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Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of peace?

A
  • Negative peace: absence of large-scale violence
  • Positive peace: collaboration, support, shared goals

Negative peace focuses on the absence of violence, while positive peace emphasizes the presence of social justice and equality.

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2
Q

What are the complications in understanding peace?

A
  • Durability: how long does it last, and why?
  • Organization: who makes peace, and how is it maintained?
  • Peace for whom?

These complications highlight the complexities involved in achieving and sustaining peace.

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3
Q

What is structural violence?

A

Denying people important rights, such as economic well-being, social, political, and sexual equality.

Structural violence refers to systemic ways in which social structures harm or disadvantage individuals.

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4
Q

How does the OED define war?

A

A state of armed conflict between different countries or different groups within a country.

This definition emphasizes the conflict aspect of war, distinguishing it from other forms of violence.

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5
Q

According to Clausewitz, what is war?

A

Merely the continuation of politics by other means.

This perspective views war as a tool of political strategy.

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6
Q

What are the correlates of war?

A

Violent interactions with 1000 battle deaths per year.

This statistic emphasizes the scale of violence that qualifies as war.

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7
Q

What are the distinctions in types of wars?

A
  • Inter-state wars
  • Civil wars

These distinctions help in understanding the context and dynamics of different conflicts.

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8
Q

What is the average duration of civil wars?

A

10 years

Civil wars tend to last longer than other forms of conflict due to complex social and political factors.

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9
Q

What is Johan Galtung’s view on conflict?

A

Conflicts are about incompatible/contradictory goals.

Galtung emphasizes the fundamental disagreements that underlie conflicts.

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10
Q

What role does technology play in warfare?

A

Technology may change war, such as the introduction of machine guns in WWI and nuclear weapons.

Advances in technology have historically altered strategies and outcomes in warfare.

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11
Q

True or False: Military victory is more likely than settlement in civil wars.

A

True

This tendency complicates the resolution of civil conflicts and often leads to prolonged violence.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Peace studies identify the capability and intent to ______ the conflict.

A

[transform]

Transforming conflict involves finding solutions that address underlying issues rather than merely suppressing violence.

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13
Q

What sparked the revolution in Sudan in December 2018?

A

Civilians demanded democracy against President Omar Bashir’s oppressive military rule.

This revolution reflects the public’s desire for political change and justice.

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14
Q

Who led the coup that ousted Omar Bashir?

A
  • Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
  • Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemeti)

These leaders were initially seen as liberators but later became embroiled in conflict.

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15
Q

What major consequence arose from the power dynamics post-revolution in Sudan?

A

Betrayal and chaos as aspirations for democracy crumbled.

The shift in alliances and conflicts among leaders led to increased violence and instability.

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16
Q

What is multi causality in the context of war?

A

Multi causality refers to the various factors that contribute to the occurrence of war, such as economic, psychological, historical, and political elements.

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17
Q

What role did leaders play in the Gulf War?

A

Leaders like Saddam Hussein and George Bush had significant influence on the decisions and outcomes of the Gulf War.

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18
Q

What economic factor is often associated with war?

A

Oil is a key economic factor that can drive conflicts and wars.

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19
Q

What psychological aspect affects decision making in war?

A

Misunderstandings of positions and the world system can lead to poor decision making in conflicts.

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20
Q

What historical factors contribute to war?

A

Colonialism and borders established in the past can lead to ongoing conflicts.

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21
Q

What is the military-industrial complex?

A

The military-industrial complex refers to the relationship between a country’s military and the defense industry that supplies it.

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22
Q

What does the term ‘new world order’ refer to?

A

The new world order describes the shift in international politics and power dynamics following significant global events.

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23
Q

What is the relationship between mistakes and war?

A

The idea suggests that if there were no mistakes in understanding or communication, wars would not occur.

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24
Q

What does critical thinking imply in the context of conflict?

A

Critical thinking involves understanding both sides of a conflict to avoid misunderstandings that can lead to war.

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25
What are the views of Hobbes and Rousseau on the state of nature?
Hobbes views the state of nature as solitary and brutish, while Rousseau believes war is a social institution rather than a natural occurrence.
26
What does Hobbes argue about violence?
Hobbes argues that without a governing rule, violence is inevitable and the solution is the establishment of the state.
27
What is Rousseau's perspective on human nature?
Rousseau believes humans are not predisposed to violence and that conflict arises from social interactions.
28
What is the instinctive school of thought in relation to violence?
The instinctive school, exemplified by Freud, posits that humans have inherent instincts that lead to violence.
29
What does Margaret Mead argue about war?
Mead argues that war is a cultural and social invention, not an instinctual behavior.
30
What is the appeal of war according to Chris Hedges?
Hedges suggests that war provides a sense of purpose and brotherhood, despite its destruction and carnage.
31
How does war affect emotional connections among soldiers?
Soldiers may miss the emotional connections and adrenaline associated with combat, leading to feelings of displacement.
32
What themes does Hollywood explore regarding war?
Hollywood often explores themes of brotherhood, moral corruption, and the psychological toll of war.
33
Who is Kennith Waltz?
An American political scientist and key theorist of international relations, later associated with Columbia University.
34
What is the level of analysis in international relations?
It serves two main functions: guiding the search for causes and providing structure to the complex world of international relations.
35
What does the individual level of analysis focus on?
It focuses on human nature and predispositions such as anger, and how different leaders can lead to different outcomes.
36
What is the role of leaders in the individual level of analysis?
Leaders are ultimate decision-makers, often influenced by their political advisors.
37
What are some personality traits that can affect leadership outcomes?
Traits such as being peace-loving, aggressive, rational, or emotional can impact decisions.
38
What is a cognitive bias?
A tendency to filter information to match one's beliefs, affecting how leaders interpret new information.
39
What are some factors that shape belief systems?
Political socialization, education, and personal experiences.
40
What are the nation-state level factors in international relations?
Governmental and societal factors that influence state behavior.
41
What is an example of the individual level in the Georgia and Russian war?
'They hate each other.. And unfortunately, this personal element in the political life of Russia as well as Georgia is still very important.'
42
What are possible nation-state level factors in the Georgia and Russian war?
Lack of democratic checks and balances, public opinion, military power, and shared history.
43
What are possible system level factors in the Georgia and Russian war?
Military and political alliances, anarchic structure of the international system, and economic dependencies.
44
What is the purpose of theories in international relations?
Theories simplify reality and explain how and why events occur.
45
What does the individual level of analysis incorporate?
Psychology and liberalism, including concepts like ingroup and outgroup dynamics.
46
What is the democratic peace theory?
A theory suggesting that democracies rarely fight each other.
47
What is commercial liberalism?
The idea that nations avoid war with trading partners to prevent disruption of trade.
48
What does realism focus on in international relations?
It emphasizes anarchy and the pursuit of power, often leading to conflict.
49
What is the balance of power theory?
A theory stating that states will go to war to gain more power.
50
What is the security dilemma?
A situation where measures taken by a state to increase its security can lead to increased tensions and conflict.
51
Can the level of analysis framework apply to intrastate conflict?
Yes, it is possible for the level of analysis framework to be applicable to intrastate conflict.
52
What is the purpose of war?
War is fought for specific purposes and involves strategic planning by elites. ## Footnote W.F. Sumner emphasizes preparation for war, while M. Howard notes rational bases for warfare.
53
What are modern forms of warfare?
Emergence of new forms of warfare, such as drones and cyberwarfare.
54
How do national identities influence conflict?
"National images" shape perceptions of hostility, influencing reactions to conflicts. ## Footnote K. Boulding.
55
What is the narrative of the 20th century regarding the Greater Middle East?
The narrative is freedom vs. control over the Greater Middle East.
56
What is the distinction between negative peace and positive peace?
Negative peace is the absence of conflict, while positive peace addresses root causes.
57
What does the Anthropocene refer to?
The Anthropocene refers to human activity's impact on the environment.
58
How does environmental degradation relate to conflict?
Environmental degradation is a factor in conflict and potential peace-building.
59
What does A. Sen highlight regarding economic inequality?
A. Sen highlights material inequality and its role in conflict.
60
What does Piketty discuss in relation to inequality?
Piketty discusses the connection between capital returns and inequality.
61
What is an example of addressing poverty and inequality in peace agreements?
Colombia's peace agreement in 2016 addressed poverty and inequality.
62
Why are human rights essential for positive peace?
Ensuring human rights for all citizens is essential for achieving positive peace. ## Footnote Martin Luther King: injustice anywhere threatens justice everywhere.
63
What is feminism's role in social transformation?
Feminism is a movement to end sexism and transform societal structures, linked to broader civil rights movements.
64
What is emphasized in the feminist movement?
Emphasis on intersectionality and addressing systemic oppression.
65
What is transitional justice?
Transition from negative reparations to positive changes in structural conditions for peace.
66
Class one points in barash pov
Peace and war exist on a continuum rather than as absolute states Understanding both concepts is crucial for conflict resolution Prevention of war requires addressing root causes of conflict Building sustainable peace requires more than just preventing war
67
Class two barash again
Critical Analysis Points: 1. War serves various social, political, and economic functions in different societies 2. Multiple levels of analysis needed (individual, state, international system) Importance of distinguishing between aggression and organized warfare
68
building pos peace barash again
Challenges and Considerations: * Complex interdependence of various factors * Need for sustained commitment and resources * Resistance from those benefiting from current systems * Difficulty measuring progress in positive peace Note: This summary captures the main arguments and concepts from the specified chapter, focusing on the author's framework for understanding and building positive peace.
69
singer levels of analysis
Significance: * Article remains foundational in international relations methodology * Highlights importance of methodological awareness in research * Demonstrates how analytical choices affect research outcomes
70
levy analysis of war theories
Synthesis of Both Works: * Common themes: 1. Multi-causal nature of conflict 2. Importance of institutional structures 3. Interaction between domestic and international factors 4. Role of leadership and decision-making * Key theoretical contributions: * Integration of multiple analytical perspectives * Recognition of war's complex nature * Framework for understanding different conflict types * Emphasis on both structure and agency
71
Building negative peace barash again
Critical Arguments: * Negative peace is necessary but insufficient for lasting peace * Multiple actors and approaches required for success * International cooperation is essential Balance needed between state interests and global security

Peace and Conflict (1 decks)

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