Untitled Deck Flashcards
What is cleft lip?
Cleft lip is the most common orofacial cleft, more prevalent in males than females, with the highest incidence among people of Asian descent. It is caused by multiple genes and teratogenic factors during weeks 5 to 8 of gestation.
What teratogenic factors can contribute to cleft lip?
Factors include viral infections, certain seizure medications (like phenytoin), smoking or drinking during pregnancy, hyperthermia, stress, maternal obesity, and folic acid deficiency.
What is cleft palate?
Cleft palate is an opening of the palate due to incomplete closure of the palatal process at approximately 9 to 12 weeks gestation.
How does cleft palate differ from cleft lip in terms of gender prevalence?
Cleft palate occurs more frequently in females than males, while cleft lip is more common in males.
What is the typical repair timeline for cleft lip?
Cleft lip is often repaired shortly after birth, between 2-12 weeks of age.
Why is early repair of cleft lip important?
Early repair is important because the deviation of the lip interferes with sucking and feeding.
What is the recommended repair procedure for cleft palate?
Cleft palate repair is recommended as a two-stage procedure: soft palate repair at 3-6 months and hard palate repair at 6-18 months of age.
What is colic?
Colic is paroxysmal abdominal pain in infants under 3 months, characterized by loud crying, pulling legs to the abdomen, flushed face, clenched fists, and tense abdomen.
When do colic episodes typically occur?
Episodes generally occur at the same time each day, usually in the late afternoon or evening.
What factors may contribute to colic?
Overfeeding or swallowing too much air during feeding can contribute to colic, with formula-fed infants experiencing more symptoms than breastfed infants.
How can nurses support parents of colicky infants?
Nurses can reassure parents that their child is healthy, encourage swaddling and rocking, decrease environmental stimulation, and provide a space for parents to express frustrations.
What is gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) in infants?
GERD occurs due to the immaturity of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus.
What is the prevalence of GERD in infants?
GERD is very common in infancy, affecting about 70% of infants, and usually does not require treatment.
When does GERD typically start in infants?
GERD usually starts within one week of birth and may be associated with a hiatal hernia.
What does emesis due to GERD typically consist of?
The emesis is effortless, occurring after eating, and most often consists of 1-2 oz of undigested milk.
What is the primary method for diagnosing uncomplicated reflux?
History and physical examination.
What does an upper GI series assess in a GERD workup?
Anatomic abnormalities (intestinal malrotation).
What is the purpose of a pH probe in GERD assessment?
To calculate the amount of acidic reflux into the esophagus over a 24-hour period.
What does esophageal manometry evaluate?
Esophageal motility, ensuring normal esophageal peristalsis and measuring strength and pressure in the esophagus.
What is the role of endoscopy in GERD diagnosis?
To obtain biopsies and assess the degree of esophagitis.
What is a recommended feeding strategy for infants with GERD?
Small frequent feeds of formula or expressed breast milk thickened with rice cereal.
What medications are commonly prescribed for GERD?
- H2-receptor antagonists (famotidine) * Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole).
What is laparoscopic or surgical fundoplication?
A procedure where the upper portion of the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophagus to prevent regurgitation.
How is a peptic ulcer defined?
A shallow excavation in the mucosal wall of the stomach, pylorus, or duodenum.
