Untitled Deck Flashcards
What causes hypotension?
Hypotension leads to reduced tissue perfusion, meaning the organs receive less oxygen and fewer nutrients, causing tissue ischemia and organ failure.
Which organs are particularly vulnerable to hypotension?
The kidneys are particularly vulnerable due to their role in filtering blood and regulating fluid balance. Other organs like the brain, liver, and heart also suffer from inadequate perfusion.
What are key indicators of sepsis?
Creatinine >2.0 and lactate >2.0 indicate impaired renal function and poor tissue oxygenation, respectively.
Elevated lactate levels signal anaerobic metabolism and tissue hypoxia.
What is the goal of antibiotics in sepsis management?
The goal is to administer antibiotics within 1 hour to halt bacterial growth and prevent systemic spread of the infection.
What is the recommended fluid resuscitation in sepsis?
Fluids should be administered within 3 hours at a rate of 30ml/kg to restore circulation and perfusion.
What are the types of shock?
The types of shock include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic.
What occurs during the compensatory stage of shock?
The body attempts to compensate through vasoconstriction and tachycardia to maintain blood pressure and perfusion.
What happens in the progressive stage of shock?
Compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to tissue ischemia, acidosis, and organ damage.
What is the irreversible stage of shock?
Severe organ damage occurs, and despite interventions, the patient’s condition worsens.
What is the management strategy for shock?
Fluid resuscitation restores circulating blood volume, vasopressors increase vascular tone and BP, and inotropes enhance cardiac output.
What is the significance of a MAP >65 mmHg?
A MAP >65 mmHg ensures adequate perfusion to vital organs.
What are valvular disorders?
Dysfunctional heart valves affect blood flow, leading to symptoms such as reduced cardiac output, heart failure, or regurgitation.
What is the difference between mechanical and tissue valves?
Mechanical valves require anticoagulation due to their thrombogenic nature, while tissue valves do not but have a shorter lifespan.
What are surgical interventions for valves?
Procedures like balloon valvuloplasty and leaflet repair restore normal valve function, improving cardiac output.
How does stroke volume affect cardiac output?
Stroke volume directly influences cardiac output; a decrease in stroke volume leads to decreased cardiac output and poor organ perfusion.
What are the types of cardiomyopathy?
Types include dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
What is the management for cardiomyopathy?
Medications like beta-blockers and diuretics help manage symptoms by improving heart function and reducing fluid retention.
What is infective endocarditis?
Endocarditis occurs in individuals with valvular defects or prosthetic heart valves, leading to embolization and severe infection.
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium causes friction between the layers, leading to pain and potential tamponade.
What is myocarditis?
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, often viral in origin, compromising the heart’s ability to contract.
What are the purposes of vasoactive medications?
Vasopressors increase BP in shock states, while vasodilators lower BP in heart failure or hypertension.
What are cardiac arrest medications?
Inotropic drugs improve heart contractions, and chronotropic drugs adjust heart rate, both crucial for improving cardiac output.
What is MAP and its significance?
MAP is a key indicator of overall perfusion; a MAP ≥65 mmHg ensures adequate blood flow to vital organs.
What is the fluid management strategy in shock?
In hypovolemic shock, fluid resuscitation is needed; in cardiogenic shock, fluids must be used cautiously to prevent overload.
