Untitled Deck Flashcards
What does the Data Movement Function of a Computer refer to?
The process of transferring data within different parts of a computer, including memory, registers, and I/O devices.
Components involved are Registers, Memory (RAM, Cache), Input/Output Devices, and Buses.
What are the five generations of computers?
1st Gen: 1940-1956, Vacuum tubes, ENIAC, UNIVAC
2nd Gen: 1956-1963, Transistors, IBM 1401
3rd Gen: 1964-1971, Integrated Circuits (ICs), IBM 360
4th Gen: 1971-Present, Microprocessors, Intel 4004, PCs
5th Gen: Present & Future, AI, Quantum Computing, IBM Watson, AI Chips
Each generation is characterized by significant technological advancements.
What is the difference between CISC and RISC architectures regarding instruction set?
CISC has a large and complex instruction set, while RISC has a small and simple instruction set.
How does execution time differ between CISC and RISC architectures?
CISC has variable execution time (some take multiple cycles), while RISC has fixed execution time (mostly one cycle per instruction).
Which architecture is more efficient in memory usage: CISC or RISC?
RISC is more efficient in memory usage (optimized instruction usage) compared to CISC.
Which architecture is generally faster, CISC or RISC?
RISC is faster due to pipeline optimization.
What is the purpose of addressing modes?
Addressing modes specify how an instruction fetches operands.
Fill in the blank: Immediate Addressing means the operand is _______.
directly specified in the instruction.
What is Direct Addressing?
The instruction contains the memory address of the operand.
Example: MOV A, 2000H (Moves value from memory 2000H to register A)
What is Register Addressing?
The operand is stored in a register.
Example: MOV A, B (Copies the value from register B to A)
What does Indirect Addressing involve?
The instruction contains an address that holds another address where the operand is stored.
Example: MOV A, @R0 (Loads A with the value stored at the address in R0)
What is Indexed Addressing?
Uses a base address and an index register.
Example: MOV A, [BX + SI] (Fetches value from the address calculated using BX and SI)
What is Booth’s Algorithm used for?
Fast binary multiplication of signed numbers.
What does Amdahl’s Law predict?
The maximum speedup of a system when improving a specific part.
Fill in the blank: Little’s Law is used in _______ systems to evaluate performance.
queueing.
What are the main functions of the Control Unit (CU)?
Directs execution of instructions.
What operations does the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) perform?
Mathematical and logical operations.
What does the Memory Unit (MU) do?
Stores data and instructions.
What is the difference between Hardwired and Microprogrammed control units regarding speed?
Hardwired Control Units are faster, while Microprogrammed Control Units are slower.
Which type of control unit is less flexible?
Hardwired Control Unit.
What is the main implementation difference between Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Units?
Hardwired uses combinational logic, while Microprogrammed uses microinstructions stored in memory.
Which processors typically use Hardwired Control Units?
RISC processors.
Which processors typically use Microprogrammed Control Units?
CISC processors.
