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cells, microorganisms and multicellular organisms > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Transports materials from one part of the cell to another

SER stands for Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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2
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Strengthens the cell and helps maintain its shape

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3
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Made up of two layers of fat molecules called a lipid bilayer

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4
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Synthesise proteins for the cell or for secretion from the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of a large central vacuole in plant cells?

A

Stores water, provides structural support, and regulates plant cell shape

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6
Q

What are centrioles required for?

A

Development of the spindle apparatus and separation of sister chromatids during cellular division

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7
Q

What are the major cell types?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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8
Q

What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

Usually have a single circular chromosome

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9
Q

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Cell membrane, nucleic acids, proteins, and ribosomes

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10
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

Internal membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No

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12
Q

How do the sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare?

A

Prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What are the five kingdoms of living things?

A
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Monera
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14
Q

What type of cells do the first four kingdoms contain?

A

Only eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

What type of cells does kingdom Monera contain?

A

Only prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a nucleus

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17
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Internal membrane-bound organelles

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18
Q

What kind of chromosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Linear chromosomes

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19
Q

How do the sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells compare?

A

Eukaryotic cells are significantly bigger than prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

What are the organelles that make up cells?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Chloroplast
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vacuole
  • Lysosome
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21
Q

Where is the nucleus found?

A

Only in eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

What is the shape and location of the nucleus in cells?

A

Spherical and usually located centrally in animal cells, towards the edge in plant cells

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23
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane boundary around the nucleus

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24
Q

What does the nucleus control?

A
  • Development and functioning of the cell
  • Growth and reproduction (mitosis)
  • Metabolism
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25
Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus
26
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration
27
What are thylakoids?
Flattened sacs in chloroplasts
28
What is the fluid surrounding thylakoids called?
Stroma
29
How many membranes bound chloroplasts?
Two membranes
30
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids
31
What does RER stand for?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
32
What is the role of RER?
Transportation of materials and site of protein and membrane synthesis
33
What are glycoproteins?
Proteins with carbohydrates attached, made by the RER
34
What is the function of SER?
Involved in metabolic processes such as lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
35
Where are ribosomes located?
* In the cytoplasm * Attached to the RER
36
What is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
37
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Packages and secretes proteins and carbohydrates made by the cell
38
What are vacuoles?
Large structures in plants and small structures in animal cells
39
What is the main function of vacuoles?
Maintain water and salt balance
40
What do lysosomes contain?
Enzymes that breakdown macromolecules
41
What is the composition of the cell wall?
Tough, rigid, and highly cross-linked matrix of substances
42
What gives bacteria structural support?
A peptidoglycan cell wall composed of disaccharides and amino acids
43
What do plant cell walls contain?
Cellulose
44
What is the largest and most prominent feature of cells?
The nucleus
45
What is aerobic respiration?
Process by which cells break down molecules to produce ATP
46
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
47
What is the worded equation for lactic acid fermentation?
Glucose → lactic acid + energy
48
What is the chemical equation for alcohol fermentation?
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
49
What do cells require energy for?
* Active transport * Cell division * Movement of flagella or cilia * Production, transport, and storage of proteins
50
What is the worded equation for alcohol fermentation?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP
51
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
52
What is the function of ATP?
Provides a quick source of energy for any organelle in the cell that requires it
53
How do autotrophs obtain energy?
Trap light energy from sunlight
54
How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
Consume other organisms or organic matter
55
What does photosynthesis use to make chemical energy?
Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
56
What do light-dependent reactions convert?
Light energy into chemical energy
57
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
58
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
59
What is the worded equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
60
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
61
What is the worded equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
62
What is heredity?
The passing on of characteristics genetically from one generation to the next
63
What is the cell theory?
Cells are the smallest independent unit of life and arise from pre-existing cells
64
What is the role of the cell membrane?
Controls the exchange of materials and facilitates communication between cells
65
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Cytosol, providing a medium for biochemical reactions
66
What is the main function of the mitochondrion?
Carries out aerobic respiration to produce ATP
67
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Carries out photosynthesis to produce organic molecules
68
What does the SER synthesize?
Lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates
69
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, processes, and packages proteins into vesicles
70
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic process that supplies energy (ATP) when oxygen is not available
71
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls which chemicals enter and exit the cell
72
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
Allows only small molecules to pass through unaided
73
What is passive transport?
No energy required and movement of molecules is with the concentration gradient
74
What is active transport?
Requires energy and movement of molecules is against the concentration gradient
75
What is osmosis?
Type of diffusion that involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
76
What can happen to cells during osmosis?
Cells can become lysed or shriveled
77
What are the two types of endocytosis?
* Phagocytosis * Pinocytosis
78
What is exocytosis?
Secretes materials packaged into a vesicle that migrates to the plasma membrane
79
What happens in pinocytosis?
Intake of liquids and large molecules into tiny vesicles
80
What is exocytosis?
The process where manufactured materials are packaged into a vesicle that migrates to the plasma membrane and releases its contents.
81
What occurs during the process of phagocytosis?
The membrane folds near a particle, encloses it in a vacuole, which then breaks away into the cytoplasm.
82
What is the primary function of protein pumps?
To transport molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.
83
Define passive transport.
Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, from high concentration to low concentration.
84
What is the main role of mitochondria?
To produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell.
85
What does the term 'equilibrium' refer to?
When the concentration is the same throughout.
86
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
To cover and protect the DNA from physical and chemical damage.
87
What does the acronym MRS GREN stand for?
* Movement * Reproduction * Sensitivity * Growth * Respiration * Excretion * Nutrition
88
What is the definition of a zygote?
The cell formed when two gametes fuse during fertilisation.
89
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, while smooth ER has a smooth surface.
90
What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?
They contain digestive enzymes that break down particles.
91
What does the term 'cell theory' state?
All living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
92
What are organelles measured in?
Nanometers (nm).
93
Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is made up of two layers of _______.
fat molecules (lipid bilayer).
94
True or False: Non-living things carry out the life processes of living things.
False.
95
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form.
96
What is the function of ribosomes?
To translate genetic code into chains of amino acids, which fold into proteins.
97
What is endocytosis?
The process where particles and large molecules are taken into the cell, forming vesicles.
98
What is the role of the cytoplasm?
To fill the cell and contain various structures and molecules.
99
What does 'differentiation' refer to in multicellular organisms?
The process through which different cells are produced from stem cells.
100
What is the significance of the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
It determines the basic structure of the membrane.
101
What are the four bases of DNA?
* Adenine (A) * Thymine (T) * Cytosine (C) * Guanine (G)
102
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding chromosomes?
The number, shape, and location of chromosomes differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
103
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To separate the cytoplasm from the external environment.
104
Fill in the blank: Cells are the smallest independent unit of _______.
life.
105
How do unicellular organisms typically reproduce?
Asexually.
106
What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?
To separate insoluble contaminants from water.
107
What is distillation?
The selective boiling and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture.
108
True or False: Cells contain DNA as hereditary material.
True.

cells, microorganisms and multicellular organisms (1 decks)

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