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cells, microorganisms and multicellular organisms > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Transports materials from one part of the cell to another

SER stands for Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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2
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Strengthens the cell and helps maintain its shape

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3
Q

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Made up of two layers of fat molecules called a lipid bilayer

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4
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Synthesise proteins for the cell or for secretion from the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of a large central vacuole in plant cells?

A

Stores water, provides structural support, and regulates plant cell shape

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6
Q

What are centrioles required for?

A

Development of the spindle apparatus and separation of sister chromatids during cellular division

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7
Q

What are the major cell types?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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8
Q

What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

Usually have a single circular chromosome

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9
Q

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Cell membrane, nucleic acids, proteins, and ribosomes

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10
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

Internal membrane-bound organelles

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11
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No

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12
Q

How do the sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare?

A

Prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What are the five kingdoms of living things?

A
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Monera
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14
Q

What type of cells do the first four kingdoms contain?

A

Only eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

What type of cells does kingdom Monera contain?

A

Only prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a nucleus

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17
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Internal membrane-bound organelles

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18
Q

What kind of chromosomes do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Linear chromosomes

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19
Q

How do the sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells compare?

A

Eukaryotic cells are significantly bigger than prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

What are the organelles that make up cells?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Chloroplast
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vacuole
  • Lysosome
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21
Q

Where is the nucleus found?

A

Only in eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

What is the shape and location of the nucleus in cells?

A

Spherical and usually located centrally in animal cells, towards the edge in plant cells

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23
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane boundary around the nucleus

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24
Q

What does the nucleus control?

A
  • Development and functioning of the cell
  • Growth and reproduction (mitosis)
  • Metabolism
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25
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus

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26
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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27
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened sacs in chloroplasts

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28
Q

What is the fluid surrounding thylakoids called?

A

Stroma

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29
Q

How many membranes bound chloroplasts?

A

Two membranes

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30
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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31
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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32
Q

What is the role of RER?

A

Transportation of materials and site of protein and membrane synthesis

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33
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins with carbohydrates attached, made by the RER

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34
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Involved in metabolic processes such as lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

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35
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A
  • In the cytoplasm
  • Attached to the RER
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36
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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37
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Packages and secretes proteins and carbohydrates made by the cell

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38
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Large structures in plants and small structures in animal cells

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39
Q

What is the main function of vacuoles?

A

Maintain water and salt balance

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40
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Enzymes that breakdown macromolecules

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41
Q

What is the composition of the cell wall?

A

Tough, rigid, and highly cross-linked matrix of substances

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42
Q

What gives bacteria structural support?

A

A peptidoglycan cell wall composed of disaccharides and amino acids

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43
Q

What do plant cell walls contain?

A

Cellulose

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44
Q

What is the largest and most prominent feature of cells?

A

The nucleus

45
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Process by which cells break down molecules to produce ATP

46
Q

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

47
Q

What is the worded equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

Glucose → lactic acid + energy

48
Q

What is the chemical equation for alcohol fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP

49
Q

What do cells require energy for?

A
  • Active transport
  • Cell division
  • Movement of flagella or cilia
  • Production, transport, and storage of proteins
50
Q

What is the worded equation for alcohol fermentation?

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

51
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

52
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Provides a quick source of energy for any organelle in the cell that requires it

53
Q

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

A

Trap light energy from sunlight

54
Q

How do heterotrophs obtain energy?

A

Consume other organisms or organic matter

55
Q

What does photosynthesis use to make chemical energy?

A

Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

56
Q

What do light-dependent reactions convert?

A

Light energy into chemical energy

57
Q

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

58
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

59
Q

What is the worded equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

60
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

61
Q

What is the worded equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

62
Q

What is heredity?

A

The passing on of characteristics genetically from one generation to the next

63
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Cells are the smallest independent unit of life and arise from pre-existing cells

64
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the exchange of materials and facilitates communication between cells

65
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytosol, providing a medium for biochemical reactions

66
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondrion?

A

Carries out aerobic respiration to produce ATP

67
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Carries out photosynthesis to produce organic molecules

68
Q

What does the SER synthesize?

A

Lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates

69
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, processes, and packages proteins into vesicles

70
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic process that supplies energy (ATP) when oxygen is not available

71
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which chemicals enter and exit the cell

72
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

Allows only small molecules to pass through unaided

73
Q

What is passive transport?

A

No energy required and movement of molecules is with the concentration gradient

74
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy and movement of molecules is against the concentration gradient

75
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Type of diffusion that involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

76
Q

What can happen to cells during osmosis?

A

Cells can become lysed or shriveled

77
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
78
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Secretes materials packaged into a vesicle that migrates to the plasma membrane

79
Q

What happens in pinocytosis?

A

Intake of liquids and large molecules into tiny vesicles

80
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process where manufactured materials are packaged into a vesicle that migrates to the plasma membrane and releases its contents.

81
Q

What occurs during the process of phagocytosis?

A

The membrane folds near a particle, encloses it in a vacuole, which then breaks away into the cytoplasm.

82
Q

What is the primary function of protein pumps?

A

To transport molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient.

83
Q

Define passive transport.

A

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient, from high concentration to low concentration.

84
Q

What is the main role of mitochondria?

A

To produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell.

85
Q

What does the term ‘equilibrium’ refer to?

A

When the concentration is the same throughout.

86
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

To cover and protect the DNA from physical and chemical damage.

87
Q

What does the acronym MRS GREN stand for?

A
  • Movement
  • Reproduction
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Respiration
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
88
Q

What is the definition of a zygote?

A

The cell formed when two gametes fuse during fertilisation.

89
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, while smooth ER has a smooth surface.

90
Q

What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

A

They contain digestive enzymes that break down particles.

91
Q

What does the term ‘cell theory’ state?

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

92
Q

What are organelles measured in?

A

Nanometers (nm).

93
Q

Fill in the blank: The cell membrane is made up of two layers of _______.

A

fat molecules (lipid bilayer).

94
Q

True or False: Non-living things carry out the life processes of living things.

95
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To modify products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their final form.

96
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To translate genetic code into chains of amino acids, which fold into proteins.

97
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process where particles and large molecules are taken into the cell, forming vesicles.

98
Q

What is the role of the cytoplasm?

A

To fill the cell and contain various structures and molecules.

99
Q

What does ‘differentiation’ refer to in multicellular organisms?

A

The process through which different cells are produced from stem cells.

100
Q

What is the significance of the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

A

It determines the basic structure of the membrane.

101
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
102
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding chromosomes?

A

The number, shape, and location of chromosomes differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

103
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

To separate the cytoplasm from the external environment.

104
Q

Fill in the blank: Cells are the smallest independent unit of _______.

105
Q

How do unicellular organisms typically reproduce?

A

Asexually.

106
Q

What is the purpose of filtration in water treatment?

A

To separate insoluble contaminants from water.

107
Q

What is distillation?

A

The selective boiling and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture.

108
Q

True or False: Cells contain DNA as hereditary material.

cells, microorganisms and multicellular organisms (1 decks)

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