Untitled Deck Flashcards
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and water availability.
Describe the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves light absorption by chlorophyll, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, and the production of glucose and oxygen from CO₂ and H₂O.
Describe the process of cellular respiration in plants.
Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
What organs make up the human digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Outline the functions of the main digestive system organs.
Mouth: Chews and begins digestion with enzymes. Esophagus: Transports food. Stomach: Breaks down food with acids/enzymes. Small intestine: Absorbs nutrients. Large intestine: Absorbs water and forms feces. Liver: Produces bile. Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes.
Describe the process of digestion.
Digestion involves breaking down food into simpler molecules via mechanical and chemical means for absorption into the bloodstream.
What are mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing). Chemical digestion: Breakdown of food with enzymes and acids.
Distinguish between the three types of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates: Provide energy. Proteins: Build and repair tissues. Lipids: Store energy and form cell membranes.
What is the process and equation for cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration: Converts glucose and oxygen to ATP, CO₂, and H₂O. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Describe respiration in humans.
Respiration involves breathing in oxygen, using it in cells to produce ATP, and expelling carbon dioxide.
Describe ventilation in humans.
Ventilation involves inhalation (drawing air into the lungs) and exhalation (expelling air from the lungs) through the respiratory system.
Label the heart diagram with chambers, valves, and blood vessels.
Key parts: Right/left atrium, right/left ventricle, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve, aorta, pulmonary arteries/veins, vena cava.
Describe the structure of the human heart.
The heart has four chambers (two atria and two ventricles), valves to prevent backflow, and is composed of muscle tissue (myocardium).
Describe the function of the human heart.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
How is the thickness of heart chamber walls related to their functions?
Ventricles have thicker walls than atria because they pump blood at higher pressure. The left ventricle is thicker than the right as it pumps blood to the whole body.
Describe the blood circulation pathway in the body.
Blood flows: Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body → Vena cava → Right atrium.
Draw and label the key and lock model of enzyme-substrate interaction.
Label parts: Enzyme, active site, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, product.
What is an enzyme and how does it work?
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy and binding specifically to substrates.
What factors affect the rate of enzyme reaction?
Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and presence of inhibitors.
