Untitled Deck Flashcards
What is hybridization for tetrahedral geometry?
sp3
What is hybridization for octahedral geometry?
sp3d2
What is hybridization for square planar geometry?
sp3d2
Define a metal ion complex
A complex with a metal ion bonded to a number of ligands.
What is a Lewis acid?
An acceptor, typically a metal ion.
What is a Lewis base?
A donor, typically ligands.
What is the chelate effect?
More stable complexes are formed with chelating agents than with the equivalent number of monodentate ligands.
What is EDTA4-?
A chelating agent that occupies 6 coordination sites.
What is the probable mechanism for charge transfer in organic molecular complexes?
Charge transfer from nonbonded electrons on N or S to iodine.
Name a drug used to treat alcohol addiction.
Disulfiram
What type of activity does cholomethiazole have?
Sedative-hypnotic
What is the function of tolnaftate?
Antifungal
What is the significance of cis and trans in molecular geometry?
Cis means same side of the plane, trans means opposite side of the plane.
Which has greater muscarinic activity: erythro or threo?
Erythro
What is a rigid analog in drug design?
A conformationally rigid compound synthesized to overcome obstacles.
Define an agonist in pharmacology.
A compound that has affinity for the receptor and intrinsic activity.
Define an antagonist in pharmacology.
A compound that has affinity but lacks intrinsic activity.
True or False: Most drug-receptor interactions are non-covalent and reversible.
True
What are covalent bonds?
The strongest bonds formed by sharing electron pairs, generally irreversible.
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in drug interactions?
Formed by hydrogen atoms bonded to F, O, or N.
What type of bond occurs between ions of opposite charge?
Ionic bonds
What are hydrophobic bonds?
Interactions between alkyl and aryl groups in water.
What characterizes an active/unconfirmed hit?
It demonstrates some predetermined level of activity.
What is a confirmed hit?
A compound that has gone through hit validation to ensure activity isn’t due to artifacts.
What is lead optimization?
The process that begins with a compound displaying interesting biological action and ends with identifying the best analog.
What are drugs?
Molecules that affect biological processes and are used to treat disease.
What is required for a drug’s safety?
It must have a specific action.
How long does the discovery of a new chemical entity typically take?
12-20 years.
Why are esters and amides less activating than esters and amines?
Lone pairs on O in esters and amides participate in resonance with the C=O group.
Why are amines better activators than alcohols?
Nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen.
What is Lipinski’s Rule of 5?
Guidelines for orally active compounds.
What is a rich source of biologically active compounds in drug discovery?
The plant kingdom.
What are secondary metabolites?
Compounds that can act as lead compounds in drug discovery.
What is a common source of lead compounds in drug discovery?
Microorganisms.
What is a notable source of lead compounds from marine sources?
Coral and sponges.
What is the significance of venom and toxins in drug discovery?
They are extremely potent and have very specific interactions with macromolecular targets.
What is combinatorial synthesis?
Automated solid-phase procedure aimed at producing many different structures in a short time.
What is parallel synthesis?
Small scale synthesis of a large number of compounds, each reaction vial contains a distinct product.
What does the rule of 3 in fragment-based lead discovery entail?
Molecule less than 300, no more than 3 hydrogen bond donors, clogP=3, no more than 3 rotational bonds.
What is the purpose of drug biotransformation?
To detoxify and increase elimination.
What is Phase 1 in biotransformation?
Introducing polar functionality to a molecule.
What is Phase 2 in biotransformation?
Attaching small polar groups to the molecule.
What is the importance of 3D molecular geometries?
They influence biological, physical, and chemical properties.
What is a lead compound in medicinal chemistry?
A compound that acts as the starting point for drug design and development.
What is the most commonly used drug with an ester?
Aspirin.
Which functional group is likely to participate in dipole-dipole interactions?
Ketone.
What are the relative strengths of different types of bonds from strongest to weakest?
Covalent > Ionic > H-bond > Van der Waals.
