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Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is BSL-1?

A

Do not cause disease.

High school/college labs.

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2
Q

What is BSL-2?

A

Moderate potential hazard associated with human disease.

Clinical & research labs; advised of potential hazard, medical surveillance & immunizations, biosafety manual, leak proof containers & spill clean up.

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3
Q

What is BSL-3?

A

Serious/potentially lethal diseases with potential aerosols.

State labs, some research & hospital labs; restricted access, additional PPE with respiratory protection, all work done in hoods, supervised by experts, decontamination before disposal (autoclaving, chemical disinfection).

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4
Q

What is BSL-4?

A

Infectious agent with few/no treatment options.

PPE required with respirators, change clothes before entering, shower upon exiting, decontaminate all materials before exiting, labs in isolated buildings.

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5
Q

What is Bacillus anthracis?

A

Naturally occurring in the environment.

Incubation period: 1-6 days; mostly zoonotic cases (cattle, sheep, & goats).

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6
Q

What are the types of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, injection.

Cutaneous -> broken skin; gastrointestinal -> ingestion; inhalation -> woolsorter’s disease; injection -> heroin users in N. Europe.

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7
Q

What is the specimen for cutaneous anthrax?

A

Vesicles (early) & eschars (late).

Unroof vesicles & aspirate fluids.

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8
Q

What is the specimen for inhalation anthrax?

A

Sputum, blood cultures, or CSF cultures.

Woolsorter’s disease.

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9
Q

What is the specimen for gastrointestinal anthrax?

A

Stool.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Large GPR, short chains & no endospores, may show capsule.

Spores in older cultures are central to subterminal & don’t swell the cell.

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11
Q

What is the growth rate of Bacillus anthracis?

A

4-8 hour aerobic growth.

Flat or slightly convex with irregular edges, medusa head, comma-like projections, nonhemolytic, tenacious, sticky colonies.

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12
Q

What are the biochemical characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Catalase (+), non-motile.

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13
Q

What is Brucella spp.?

A

Common lab associated infection.

Aerosol infectious dose: 10-100 organisms; unpasteurized dairy products.

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14
Q

What are the species of Brucella?

A

B. melitensis (most severe), B. abortus (more chronic), B. suis (severe, associated with osteomyelitis), B. canis (rare in humans).

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Brucella spp.?

A

Faintly stained, tiny GNCB, occasionally retain crystal violet stain.

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16
Q

What is the growth pattern of Brucella spp.?

A

Slow grower aerobically (BA & CA).

Poor to variable growth on MAC; pinpoint colonies from extended blood cultures (~7 days).

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17
Q

What are the specimens for Brucella spp.?

A

Bone marrow or whole blood, joint or abdominal fluid, spleen, liver abscesses, serum for Ab titers.

Rarely in sputum.

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18
Q

What are the biochemical characteristics of Brucella spp.?

A

Catalase, oxidase & urea (+), S. aureus streak (-).

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19
Q

Symptoms of Burkholderia spp.?

A

fever, malaise, muscle aches, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, headache.

no vaccine

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20
Q

What are the specimens for Burkholderia spp.?

A

Whole blood or bone marrow, sputum or bronchoscopically obtained specimens, tissue specimen & wound swabs, urine.

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21
Q

Illness caused by Burkholderia mallei?

A

Zoonotic -> glanders.

Incubation: 1-11 days; cutaneous -> lesions with localized lymphadenopathy; systemic -> pneumonia with or without bacteremia (lesions in liver or spleen).

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22
Q

What is glanders disease?

A

Infection through abrasions of skin, penetrating wounds, mucous membrane contact, inhalation, ingestion.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of Burkholderia mallei?

A

Small straight or slightly curved GNCB with rounded edges, pairs parallel bundles or palisade form (Chinese letters).

24
Q

What is the growth pattern of Burkholderia mallei?

A

Aerobic growth (BA & CA).

24 hours: non-hemolytic, pinpoint to small grey colonies; 48 hours: smooth, grey, translucent (no distinctive color); no growth at 42C.

25
What are the biochemical characteristics of Burkholderia mallei?
Catalase (+), oxidase variable, spot indole (-), non-motile, arginine (+), polymixin B & colistin no zone, penicillin resistant, amoxicillin-clavulante susceptible.
26
What is Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Solid & ground water saprophyte; risk factors include diabetes, alcoholism, renal impairment, penetrating wounds.
27
What are the characteristics of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Straight or slightly curved GNR, bipolar staining (safety pin) can mimic endospore.
28
What is the growth pattern of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Aerobic on BA, CA & MAC. ## Footnote 24 hours: small, smooth, creamy colonies; 1-2 days: dry out (like Pseudomonas stutzeri); BA: non-hemolytic & non-pigmented; musty, earthy odor without opening plate; growth at 42C.
29
What are the biochemical characteristics of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Oxidase (+), spot indole (-), motile, polymixin B & colistin no zone, penicillin resistant, amoxicillin-clavulante susceptible.
30
What is Francisella tularensis?
Zoonotic; hosts include mammals, birds, & amphibians; transmission through arthropod bite; lab-acquired infection from inhalation.
31
What are the presentations of Francisella tularensis?
Ulcerogranular, glandular, ocularglandular, oropharyngeal, typhoidal, pneumonic.
32
What is ulcerogranular Francisella tularensis?
Most common; bite from arthropod or handling infected materials; ulcer at site of exposure with inflamed lymph nodes.
33
What is glandular Francisella tularensis?
10-12% of cases; bite from arthropod or handling infected material; regional lymphadenopathy, undetectable ulcer.
34
What is ocularglandular Francisella tularensis?
Touching eye with contaminated fingers; conjunctivitis with regional lymphadenopathy.
35
What is oropharyngeal Francisella tularensis?
Ingestion of contaminated food/water; acute septicemia with no localizing signs; regional neck lymphadenopathy; presents as pharyngitis.
36
What is typhoidal Francisella tularensis?
Acute septicemia with no localizing signs; unknown infection route.
37
What is pneumonic Francisella tularensis?
Inhaling infectious aerosols; most severe & lethal; presents as unresponsive community-acquired pneumonia.
38
What are the specimens for Francisella tularensis?
Tissue biopsy/scraping of ulcer, conjunctival swab, aspirate-lymph node or lesion, respiratory secretions, bone marrow or blood, serum for Ab titer.
39
What are the characteristics of Francisella tularensis?
Tine GNCB, poor counterstaining with safranin, pleomorphic, mostly single cells.
40
What is the growth pattern of Francisella tularensis?
Aerobic, fastidious. ## Footnote No growth on MAC; scant/no growth on BA; slow growth on CA after 48 hours; opaque, grey-white with smooth shiny surface.
41
What are the biochemical characteristics of Francisella tularensis?
Oxidase (-), catalase variable, satellite (-), beta-lactamase (+).
42
What is Yersinia pestis?
Zoonotic: fleas; causes plague.
43
What are the forms of Yersinia pestis?
Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic.
44
What is bubonic Yersinia pestis?
Bite from infectious flea; lymph nodes become inflamed (bubo); most common.
45
What is septicemic Yersinia pestis?
Bites/direct contact with infective material through crack in skin; similar to bubonic without swollen lymph nodes; blood-borne organism.
46
What is pneumonic Yersinia pestis?
Deadliest & least common; aerosol transmission; secondary pneumonic can occur from advanced initial bubonic form.
47
What are the specimens for Yersinia pestis?
Lower respiratory tract, blood, aspirate, tissue or biopsy, swabs of tissue (not recommended).
48
What are the characteristics of Yersinia pestis?
Plump GNR, bipolar (safety pin) appearance not seen.
49
What is the growth pattern of Yersinia pestis?
Facultative anaerobe; slow growth at 35C (better at 25-28C). ## Footnote 24 hours: grey-white translucent pinpoint; 48 hours: gray-white to slightly yellow & opaque; 96 hours: fried egg or hammered copper appearance under magnification; little to no hemolysis; MAC: lactose non-fermenter at 48 hours.
50
What are the biochemical characteristics of Yersinia pestis?
Catalase (+), oxidase, urease (at 35C) & indole (-).
51
What is Coxiella burnetti?
Rickettsia-like pleomorphic coccobacilli; cause Q fever; grow in common cell lines for viral tissue cultures.
52
What are the specimens for Coxiella burnetti?
Whole blood for serum (acute & convalescent), whole blood (EDTA, Citrate) for PCR or culture, tissues, body fluids, cell cultures.
53
What is Ricin?
Naturally occurring in castor beans. ## Footnote Respiratory distress, fever, cough, & pulmonary edema; effects in 8 hours of inhalation; ingestion: vomiting, bloody diarrhea & dehydration within 6 hours; no proven cure.
54
What is Botulinum toxin?
Clostridium botulinum; ingestion of babies -> flaccid paralysis; antitoxin.
55
What is Staphylococcal enterotoxin B?
Exotoxin from S. aureus; causes food poisoning. ## Footnote Super antigen: cytokine release & inflammation; transmission: ingestion or inhalation; ingestion incubation: 4-10 days; aerosols incubation: 3-12 hours.
56
What are some examples of viruses?
Smallpox, alphavirus, viral hemorrhagic fever, novel influenza viruses.

Microbiology (2 decks)

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