Untitled Deck Flashcards
What are the steps of the scientific method?
- Ask a question
- Make observations
- Research existing knowledge about the topic
- Form a hypothesis
- Test the Hypothesis
- Draw a conclusion
- Communicate results
What is the changeable variable in an experiment?
Independent Variable (IV)
What is a hypothesis?
An educated guess of what the scientist believes (If, Then)
What is better when conducting an experiment, a small or large sample size?
Large
The variable being affected is the ________
Dependent Variable (DV)
What process maintains a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
True or False: All organisms are made up of one cell.
False
What is the basic unit of structure in all living things?
The cell
What does it mean to have a complex chemistry?
It can gain and use energy
What is the study of life?
Biology
Is water alive?
No, just because it can move doesn’t mean it’s alive
______________ is where both parties involved benefit from the interaction.
Symbiosis
A population of different species in a particular area make up a ___________
Community
_______________: A group of cells of the same kind that perform the same function.
Tissue
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area?
Population
A ___________ consists of all living things in a given area, together with non-living things.
Ecosystem
Another name for living sphere?
Biosphere
List the FIVE levels of organization for an Organism, starting with the cell.
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
List the SIX characteristics of life.
- Reproduction
- Adapts to environment
- Made of cells
- Has complex chemistry
- Uses and maintains energy
- Grows and develops
What happened in the yeast experiment?
The yeast needed food to survive so when the yeast was put with sugar it foamed and expanded causing the balloon to expand.
Which element is the main element found in organic compounds and is essential to all known life on Earth?
Carbon
What are the four main types of organic compounds?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
A chemical reaction begins with __________. __________ are formed as a result of the chemical reaction.
- Reactants
- Products
In DNA, ___________ always binds with ___________, and __________________ always binds with __________________.
In DNA, cytosine always binds with guanine, and adenine always binds with thymine.
The burning of a substance is an example of an _______________ reaction.
Exothermic
What is the general chemical equation for an exothermic reaction?
Reactants –> Products + Heat
What is the general equation for an endothermic reaction?
Reactants + Heat –> Products
______________ describes most exothermic reactions, and ______________ describes most endothermic reactions in organisms.
Catabolic, Anabolic
What is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction?
Activation energy
___________ speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes
_______________ is the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolism
What percentage of the Earth’s water is freshwater?
3%
Pure water has a pH of ___________, and anything higher is considered a _____________ and anything lower is considered a ______________.
- 7
- Base
- Acid
The oxygen in a water molecule…
Has a slight negative charge.
How do hydrogen bonds affect the properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds explain why water molecules stick together.
The concentration of Hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution determines its measure of ____________.
Acidity
As Hydronium ion concentration decreases, the pH value _____________
Increases
What is the monomer (building block) of proteins?
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
1) Elements: CHO
2) Monomers: Monosaccharide
3) Function: Short term energy
4) Examples: Bread, grits
Lipids
1) Elements: CHO
2) Monomers: Fatty acids
3) Function: Long-term energy
4) Examples: Oil, butter
Proteins
1) Elements: CHON
2) Monomers: Amino acids
3) Function: Build and repair muscles and bones
4) Examples: Meat, Eggs
Nucleic Acids
1) Elements: CHONP
2) Monomers: Nucleotides
3) Function: Stores genetic info
4) Examples: DNA, RNA
CHOMP stands for…
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
What is a monomer?
Building blocks of polymers
What is a polymer?
Multiple monomers bonded together
A weak bond between the oxygen of one atom and hydrogen of another water molecule is a _______________ bond.
Hydrogen
Water can travel UP a plant because of ______________.
Adhesion
Who coined the term ‘cell’ when looking at a cork under a microscope?
Robert Hooke
Who discovered animalcules, otherwise known as bacteria?
Robert Hooke
What is the cell theory?
All organisms are made up of one or more cells; all life functions of an organism occur within the cell; and all cells come from preexisting cells.
What are prokaryotic cells?
These cells don’t have a nucleus and are found in single-celled organisms like bacteria.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Organisms that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Many multicellular organisms such as fungi, animals, protists, and plants.
What is the cytoplasm?
The jello-like substance of the cell that contains organelles and provides a medium for metabolic reactions.
What does the cell membrane do?
Allows movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is the cytoskeleton?
Consists of filaments and microtubules that criss-cross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape.
What are ribosomes?
They are in all types of cells. They are either attracted to the ER or float freely in the cytoplasm and make proteins.
What is a lysosome?
Contains digestive enzymes and is the garbage can of the cell. It gets rid of waste/sick cells.
What is smooth ER?
Made up of tubules and vesicles that branch out from a network and its functions include lipid synthesis and calcium ion synthesis. There are no ribosomes attached.
What is rough ER?
This cell structure transports proteins made by ribosomes to other parts of the cell. It has ribosomes embedded in its surface.
What are centrioles?
Two cylindrical structures involved in cell division.
What is a vacuole?
Storage for the cell. In plant cells, it provides turgor pressure and support for the cell wall.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
The cell membrane is made up of two layers. Each layer is made up of a water-loving head and a water-hating tail, making up a semi-permeable membrane.
What are membrane proteins?
These can span the cell membrane or stick to only one side of the membrane. They can move around according to their need in the cell and can also be fixed, some act as channels allowing substances to cross the membrane into the cell.
What is the cell wall?
Structure that only plants have. A rigid layer that is found only outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell. Provides support, protection, and a shape for the cell.
