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chapter 6 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone tissue continuously doing?

A

Bone tissue is continuously growing, remodeling, and repairing itself.

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2
Q

How does bone tissue contribute to homeostasis?

A

It provides support and protection, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and triglycerides.

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3
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Bone remodeling is the building of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue.

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4
Q

What happens to astronauts’ bone mass in microgravity?

A

Astronauts can lose 1-2% of bone mass per month due to minimal strain on bones.

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5
Q

How do astronauts minimize bone mass loss?

A

They engage in physical exercise for two and a half hours a day, six days a week.

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6
Q

What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, and blood cell production.

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7
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders.

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8
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical main portion of the bone.

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9
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

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10
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

It reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints.

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11
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone surface.

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12
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.

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13
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone.

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14
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of bone tissue composed of?

A

About 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.

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15
Q

What is calcification?

A

The process where mineral salts crystallize and harden the bone tissue.

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16
Q

What are the four types of cells present in bone tissue?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

17
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and initiate calcification.

18
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

They maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue.

19
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They break down the extracellular matrix of bone.

20
Q

What is the mnemonic device to remember the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

OsteoBlasts Build bone, while osteoClasts Carve out bone.

21
Q

What is compact bone tissue?

A

The strongest type of bone tissue, containing few spaces.

22
Q

What are osteons?

A

Repeating structural units in compact bone tissue.

23
Q

What do bone lacunae contain?

A

They contain osteocytes.

24
Q

What is the significance of the organization of osteons?

A

They are aligned in the same direction to resist bending or fracturing.

25
Q

What is the function of the diaphysis in a long bone?

A

The diaphysis resists bending or fracturing even under considerable force.

26
Q

Where is compact bone tissue thickest?

A

Compact bone tissue is thickest in areas where strains are applied in relatively few directions.

27
Q

How do the lines of strain in a bone change?

A

They change as a person learns to walk, in response to physical activity, fractures, or deformities.

28
Q

What are interstitial bone lamellae?

A

Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth.

29
Q

What connects blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum to the compact bone?

A

Transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals.

30
Q

What are circumferential bone lamellae?

A

Bone lamellae arranged around the outer and inner circumference of the diaphysis.

31
Q

What are the two types of circumferential bone lamellae?

A

External circumferential bone lamellae and internal circumferential bone lamellae.

32
Q

What is spongy bone tissue also known as?

A

Cancellous bone tissue.

33
Q

Where is spongy bone tissue located?

A

In the interior of a bone, protected by compact bone.

34
Q

What are bone trabeculae?

A

Thin columns of bone lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern within spongy bone.

35
Q

What fills the spaces between bone trabeculae?

A

Red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow.

36
Q

How does spongy bone tissue help resist strains?

A

Bone trabeculae are oriented along lines of strain.

37
Q

What are the two main differences between spongy and compact bone tissue?

A

Spongy bone is lighter, reducing overall weight, and supports/protects red bone marrow.

38
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

In the spongy bone of the hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur.

chapter 6 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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