Untitled Deck Flashcards
What is bone tissue continuously doing?
Bone tissue is continuously growing, remodeling, and repairing itself.
How does bone tissue contribute to homeostasis?
It provides support and protection, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and triglycerides.
What is bone remodeling?
Bone remodeling is the building of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue.
What happens to astronauts’ bone mass in microgravity?
Astronauts can lose 1-2% of bone mass per month due to minimal strain on bones.
How do astronauts minimize bone mass loss?
They engage in physical exercise for two and a half hours a day, six days a week.
What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, and blood cell production.
What is osteology?
The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders.
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical main portion of the bone.
What are epiphyses?
The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.
What is the function of articular cartilage?
It reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints.
What is the periosteum?
A tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone surface.
What is the medullary cavity?
A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.
What is the endosteum?
A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone.
What is the extracellular matrix of bone tissue composed of?
About 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.
What is calcification?
The process where mineral salts crystallize and harden the bone tissue.
What are the four types of cells present in bone tissue?
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
What do osteoblasts do?
They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and initiate calcification.
What is the role of osteocytes?
They maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue.
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down the extracellular matrix of bone.
What is the mnemonic device to remember the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
OsteoBlasts Build bone, while osteoClasts Carve out bone.
What is compact bone tissue?
The strongest type of bone tissue, containing few spaces.
What are osteons?
Repeating structural units in compact bone tissue.
What do bone lacunae contain?
They contain osteocytes.
What is the significance of the organization of osteons?
They are aligned in the same direction to resist bending or fracturing.
What is the function of the diaphysis in a long bone?
The diaphysis resists bending or fracturing even under considerable force.
Where is compact bone tissue thickest?
Compact bone tissue is thickest in areas where strains are applied in relatively few directions.
How do the lines of strain in a bone change?
They change as a person learns to walk, in response to physical activity, fractures, or deformities.
What are interstitial bone lamellae?
Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth.
What connects blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum to the compact bone?
Transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals.
What are circumferential bone lamellae?
Bone lamellae arranged around the outer and inner circumference of the diaphysis.
What are the two types of circumferential bone lamellae?
External circumferential bone lamellae and internal circumferential bone lamellae.
What is spongy bone tissue also known as?
Cancellous bone tissue.
Where is spongy bone tissue located?
In the interior of a bone, protected by compact bone.
What are bone trabeculae?
Thin columns of bone lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern within spongy bone.
What fills the spaces between bone trabeculae?
Red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow.
How does spongy bone tissue help resist strains?
Bone trabeculae are oriented along lines of strain.
What are the two main differences between spongy and compact bone tissue?
Spongy bone is lighter, reducing overall weight, and supports/protects red bone marrow.
Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?
In the spongy bone of the hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur.
