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BIO 140 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

A, B, and C are linked genes. Recombination between A and B is 3%; between A and C is 6%; and between B and C is 9%. The order of these genes on the chromosome is

A

B-A-C

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2
Q

What is a trait caused by an environmental influence that appears to be inherited?

A

Phenocopy

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3
Q

How many genes does the human mitochondrial genome consist of?

A

37 genes (that encode 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs.)

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4
Q

What gene controls X inactivation?

A

XIST gene

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5
Q

What is the probability that June transmits colorblindness and ichthyosis to his son?

A

0% (sons inherit X-chromosome from the mother)

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6
Q

What type of mutagens are acridine dyes?

A

Mutagens that disrupt the reading frame of the gene

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7
Q

What is the characteristic shape of the mathematical plot for a multifactorial, polygenic trait?

A

Bell-shaped curve

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8
Q

What are traditional ways of evaluating multifactorial traits?

A

Empiric risk and heritability

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9
Q

What are DNA sequences that contribute to polygenic traits called?

A

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs)

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10
Q

What are the human equivalent of opiates

A

endorphin and enkephalin

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitters might contribute to causing autism if levels are abnormal?

A

Serotonin and GABA

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12
Q

What does schizophrenia mean?

A

“Split mind”

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13
Q

What condition may cause a person with narcolepsy to suddenly collapse?

A

Cataplexy

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14
Q

What does it indicate if a cancer cell is injected into a healthy mouse and develops tumors?

A

Cancer is heritable/transplantable

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15
Q

Where do mutational hot spots occur most often?

A

Regions where the DNA is repetitive/symmetrical

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16
Q

What was the first single-gene disorder for which the mechanism of mutation was understood?

A

Sickle cell disease

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17
Q

What term describes cancer cells that have lost their specializations?

A

Dedifferentiation/dedifferentiated

18
Q

What is a passenger mutation?

A

A mutation that does not cause or propel a cancer’s growth and spread

19
Q

What are genes that normally prevent cell division called?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

20
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

A mutation in a gene that encodes collagen

21
Q

In a heterozygote for two linked genes, what arrangement are the alleles in if both dominant alleles are on one chromosome?

A

Cis arrangement

22
Q

What does genetic heterogeneity refer to?

A

Mutations in different genes that cause the same symptoms

23
Q

What type of mutation causes sickle cell disease?

A

Missense mutation

24
Q

How is a mitochondrial trait passed?

A

From mothers to sons

25
Q

What affects the phenotype when one allele is imprinted?

A

Imprinting

26
Q

When can direct repeats cause mutation?

A

When homologs duplicate during meiosis

27
Q

In human males, genes on the X chromosome are expressed

A

true

28
Q

How many genes affect skin, hair, and eye color in humans?

A

More than 10 genes (nearly 170 genes)

29
Q

Do people with light skin have the same number of melanocytes as those with very dark skin?

A

Yes

30
Q

What type of mutation changes the codon GAA to UAA?

A

Nonsense mutation

31
Q

Where was the first narcolepsy gene discovered?

A

In dogs (canines)

32
Q

What is it called when GGG increasingly consumes more cocaine to get the same effect?

A

Tolerance

33
Q

Myotonic dystrophy worsens with each generation because of the increasing number of repeated long DNA sequences

A

true

34
Q

What do all cancers reflect at the most general level?

A

A defect in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation

35
Q

What do sporadic cancers result from?

A

Somatic cells (somatic mutations)

36
Q

What are traditional cancer treatments?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation

37
Q

Why are mutations more likely to occur in repeated DNA sequences?

A

Because the bases can form base pairs by generating loops that interfere with DNA repair

38
Q

What is a tautomer?

A

An alternate structure of a molecule

39
Q

What is the proportion of shared genes between a grandparent and grandchild?

A

25 percent

40
Q

What is a source of gamma radiation?

A

Cesium isotope

BIO 140 (3 decks)

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