Untitled Deck Flashcards
What is Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Theory of Self Control designed to predict?
It is designed to predict ALL behavior, not just deviant behavior.
How do Gottfredson and Hirschi view crime and deviance?
They believe crime and deviance are like any other behaviors and should not be treated any differently.
What do people engage in behaviors to maximize?
People engage in behaviors to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
What do Gottfredson and Hirschi argue about self control?
They argue that self control develops from a lack of nurturing, discipline, or training.
How is self control created according to Gottfredson and Hirschi?
It is not actively created; it happens in the absence of socialization, not the presence of socialization.
What are the 6 elements that make up low self control?
1.) Criminal acts provide immediate gratification of desires. 2.) Criminal acts provide easy or simple gratification of desires. 3.) Criminal acts are exciting, risky, or thrilling. 4.) Crimes provide few or meager long term benefits. 5.) Crimes require little skill or planning. 6.) Crimes often result in pain or discomfort for the victim.
What is the orientation of people with low self control?
People with low self control have a ‘here and now’ orientation.
What do people with low self control tend to lack?
People lacking self control also lack tenacity and diligence.
What is the relationship between low self control and long-term commitments?
People with low self control tend to have unstable marriages, friendships, and jobs due to their interference with long-term commitments.
What does Nye distinguish between in social control?
Nye articulates a distinction between internal and external social control.
What is internal social control?
Internal social control is the decision not to engage in deviance through thoughtful introspection.
What are the four clusters of social control according to Nye?
1.) Internalized control. 2.) Parents and indirect control. 3.) Direct control imposed from without. 4.) Alternative means to need satisfaction.
What does Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory focus on?
It concentrates on indirect controls of behavior.
What are the four parts of the social bond in Hirschi’s theory?
Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
What does the denial of responsibility technique of neutralization entail?
It argues that individuals are not responsible for their behavior and are compelled by forces outside of their control.
What is the focus of Marxist theory?
It focuses on the capitalist system as one that creates conflict, inequality, and power differentials.
What does conflict theory expand upon?
It expands on Marxist theory to allow for conflict in groups besides the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
What is the instrumental function of the law according to Gusfield?
It proscribes behavior and tells individuals what they can and cannot engage in.
What does Vold describe about group dynamics?
He describes the process by which individuals become part of a group and how relationships between groups develop as they compete for space, resources, and power.
What is Turk’s focus regarding the law?
He focuses on the use of the law as a socially controlling agent.
What does Quinney argue about our understanding of the world?
He argues that our understanding of the world is a process and that seeing deviance and crime as static is a mistake.
What do critical theories of deviance examine?
They examine issues of deviance and crime from a perspective that questions the normative and status quo.
