Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Generally defined as an internal state that induces a person to engage in particular behaviors.

Question 2

What does motivation energize, direct, and sustain?

Answer 2

It energizes (causes people to act), directs (behavior toward the attainment of specific goals), and sustains behavior (the effort expended in reaching those goals).

Question 3

What determines whether a worker can do a job properly?

Answer 3

Motivation determines whether a worker can do it properly.

Question 4

What are the three individual differences traits related to work motivation?

Answer 4

1. Self-esteem 2. Motivation 3. Needs for Achievement and Power

Question 5

What is self-esteem?

Answer 5

The extent to which a person views himself as valuable and worthy.

Question 6

What are the types of self-esteem?

Answer 6

1. Chronic Self-Esteem 2. Situational Self-Esteem 3. Socially Influenced Self-Esteem

Question 7

How can self-esteem be increased?

Answer 7

Employees can attend workshops in which they are given insights into their strengths.

Question 8

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 8

They will seek to perform well because they either enjoy performing the actual tasks or enjoy the challenge of successfully completing the task.

Question 9

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 9

They don’t particularly enjoy the tasks but are motivated to perform well to receive some reward or to avoid negative consequences.

Question 10

What does the Work Preference Inventory measure?

Answer 10

It measures intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Question 11

What is Abraham Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory?

Answer 11

A motivation theory of needs arranged in a hierarchy whereby people are motivated to fulfill a higher need as a lower one becomes gratified.

Question 12

What are the five basic categories of Maslow’s hierarchy?

Answer 12

1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Social needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization needs

Question 13

What is Clayton Alderfer’s ERG Theory?

Answer 13

A needs theory that has only three levels: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth.

Question 14

What are the two categories in Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

Answer 14

1. Motivators 2. Hygiene Factors

Question 15

What do motivators relate to?

Answer 15

Elements related to job content that lead to job satisfaction.

Question 16

What do hygiene factors relate to?

Answer 16

Elements related to job context that, when absent, cause job dissatisfaction.

Question 17

What are the three needs central to David McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory?

Answer 17

1. Need for achievement 2. Need for power 3. Need for affiliation

Question 18

What is Edwin Locke’s Goal Setting Theory?

Answer 18

The basic idea is that people’s behavior is motivated by their internal intentions, objectives, or goals.

Question 19

What are the four ways goals affect behavior according to Locke and Henne?

Answer 19

1. Goals direct attention and action 2. Goals mobilize effort 3. Goals increase persistence 4. Goals motivate search for effective strategies.

Question 20

What is the major tenet of Reinforcement Theory?

Answer 20

The law of effect states that the probability of a particular behavior increases if it is followed by a reward or reinforcement.

Question 21

What does Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory explain?

Answer 21

It explains how rewards lead to behavior by focusing on internal cognitive states that lead to motivation.

Question 22

What are the components of Vroom’s Expectancy Theory?

Answer 22

1. Valence 2. Instrumentality 3. Expectancy

Question 23

What does H. J. Stacey Adams’s Equity Theory state?

Answer 23

People are motivated to achieve a condition of fairness or equity in their dealings with others and organizations.

Question 24

What are the inputs and outputs in Equity Theory?

Answer 24

Inputs are elements we put into our jobs, while outputs are elements we receive from our jobs.

Question 25

What is Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham's Job Characteristics Theory?

Answer 25

Employees desire jobs that are meaningful, provide personal responsibility, and give feedback on their work outcomes.

Question 26

What is job enrichment?

Answer 26

Redesigning jobs to give workers greater responsibility in the planning, execution, and evaluation of their work.

Question 27

What is Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham's Job Characteristics Theory?

Answer 27

Employees desire jobs that are meaningful, provide personal responsibility for outcomes, and offer feedback on their efforts.

Question 28

What is Job Enrichment?

Answer 28

Redesigning jobs to give workers greater responsibility in the planning, execution, and evaluation of their work.

Question 29

What are the Core Job Characteristics/Dimensions?

Answer 29

Skill Variety, Task Identity, Task Significance, Autonomy, and Feedback.

Question 30

Define Skill Variety.

Answer 30

The use of different skills and talents to complete a variety of work activities.

Question 31

Define Task Identity.

Answer 31

The degree to which a job requires completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work.

Question 32

Define Task Significance.

Answer 32

The degree to which the job affects the organization and/or larger society.

Question 33

Define Autonomy.

Answer 33

Providing freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures.

Question 34

Define Feedback.

Answer 34

Employees can tell how well they are doing from direct sensory information from the job itself.

Question 35

What is Self-regulation Theory of Motivation?

Answer 35

A theory based on setting goals and receiving accurate feedback to enhance goal attainment.

Question 36

What are the four drives in Paul Lawrence and Nitin Nohria’s Four-Drive Theory?

Answer 36

Drive to acquire, bond, learn, and defend.

Question 37

What is the Drive to Acquire?

Answer 37

The drive to seek, take, control, and retain objects and personal experiences.

Question 38

What is the Drive to Bond?

Answer 38

The drive to form social relationships and develop mutual caring commitments with others.

Question 39

What is the Drive to Learn?

Answer 39

The drive to satisfy curiosity and understand ourselves and our environment.

Question 40

What is the Drive to Defend?

Answer 40

The drive to protect ourselves physically and socially.

Question 41

What is Organizational Justice Theory?

Answer 41

If employees are treated fairly, they will be more satisfied and motivated.

Question 42

What is Distributive Justice?

Answer 42

Fairness of the decision itself, including the distribution of rewards.

Question 43

What is Procedural Justice?

Answer 43

Fairness of the procedures used to arrive at the decision regarding reward allocation.

Question 44

What does the equity theory of motivation assert?

Answer 44

How hard we work is a function of how hard others work and what they get in return.

Question 45

What does the expectancy theory of motivation posit?

Answer 45

Individuals establish a linkage between what they want to attain and how well they must perform.

Question 46

What does the reinforcement theory of motivation state?

Answer 46

Our behavior is modified by patterns of rewards.

Question 47

What is the goal-setting theory of motivation?

Answer 47

People intentionally set goals and direct their behavior to attain those goals.

Question 48

What is Job Crafting?

Answer 48

A process in which employees unofficially change their job duties to better fit their interests and skills.

Question 49

What are the three categories of Job Crafting?

Answer 49

Task crafting, relationship crafting, and cognitive crafting.

Question 50

What are financial incentives?

Answer 50

Monetary rewards paid to employees based on output, skills, or knowledge.

Question 51

What is Performance-related pay?

Answer 51

A scheme that considers results or output plus actual behavior in the job.

Question 52

What is Profit-related pay?

Answer 52

An organization-wide scheme where pay is linked to company profits.

Question 53

What is Skill-based Pay?

Answer 53

A pay plan that sets pay levels based on the number of skills employees have.

Question 54

What is a Cafeteria or Flexible Benefit System?

Answer 54

A benefit plan allowing employees to tailor their own benefit packages.

Question 55

What is the Premack Principle?

Answer 55

Reinforcement is relative, and a supervisor can reinforce an employee with something that does not appear to be a reinforcer.

Question 56

What is the importance of recognition in motivation?

Answer 56

Recognition motivates, gives employees a sense of fulfillment, and makes them feel appreciated.

Question 57

What are the benefits of Employee Empowerment?

Answer 57

Motivated employees, greater trust in leadership, improved creativity, and stronger bottom line.

Question 58

What are the four steps for empowering employees?

Answer 58

Show feedback matters, recognize and empower, provide growth opportunities, and make empowerment part of culture.

Question 59

What is Organizational Behavior Modification (OBM)?

Answer 59

A technique for personnel management focusing on improving observable and measurable work-related behavior.

Question 60

What is the OBM Process?

Answer 60

Identify undesired behavior, measure frequency, analyze triggers, intervene, and evaluate effectiveness.