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Data Analysis > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Central Limit Theorem

A

“The idea that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases”

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2
Q

Cluster random sample

A

“A probability sampling method that divides a population into clusters

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3
Q

Convenience sample

A

“A non-probability sampling method that involves choosing members of a population that are easy to contact or reach”

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4
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

“A type of statistics that summarizes the main features of a dataset”

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5
Q

Inferential statistics

A

“A type of statistics that uses sample data to draw conclusions about a larger population”

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6
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

“A sampling method that is based on convenience or the personal preferences of the researcher

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7
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

“Refers to when certain groups of people are less likely to provide responses”

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8
Q

Point estimate

A

“A calculation that uses a single value to estimate a population parameter”

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9
Q

Population

A

“Every possible element that someone is interested in measuring”

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10
Q

Population proportion

A

“The percentage of individuals or elements in a population that share a certain characteristic”

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11
Q

Probability sampling

A

“A sampling method that uses random selection to generate a sample”

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12
Q

Purposive sample

A

“A non-probability sampling method that involves researchers selecting participants based on the purpose of their study”

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13
Q

Random seed

A

“A starting point for generating random numbers”

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14
Q

Representative sample

A

“A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of a population”

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15
Q

Sample

A

“A subset of a population”

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16
Q

Sample size

A

“The number of individuals or items chosen for a study or experiment”

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17
Q

Sampling

A

“The process of selecting a subset of data from a population”

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18
Q

Sampling bias

A

“Refers to when a sample is not representative of the population as a whole”

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19
Q

Sampling distribution

A

“A probability distribution of a sample statistic”

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20
Q

Sampling frame

A

“A list of all the items in a target population”

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21
Q

Sampling variability

A

“Refers to how much an estimate varies between samples”

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22
Q

Sampling with replacement

A

“Refers to when a population element can be selected more than one time”

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23
Q

Sampling without replacement

A

“Refers to when a population element can be selected only one time”

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24
Q

Simple random sample

A

“A probability sampling method in which every member of a population is selected randomly and has an equal chance of being chosen”

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25
Q

Snowball sample

A

“A method of non-probability sampling that involves researchers recruiting initial participants to be in a study and then asking them to recruit other people to participate in the study”

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26
Q

Standard error

A

“The standard deviation of a sample statistic”

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27
Q

Standard error of the mean

A

“The sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size”

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28
Q

Stratified random sample

A

“A probability sampling method that divides a population into groups and randomly selects some members from each group to be in the sample”

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29
Q

Systematic random sample

A

“A probability sampling method that puts every member of a population into an ordered sequence

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30
Q

Target population

A

“The complete set of elements that someone is interested in knowing more about”

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31
Q

Undercoverage bias

A

“Refers to when some members of a population are inadequately represented in a sample”

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32
Q

Voluntary response sample

A

“A method of non-probability sampling that consists of members of a population who volunteer to participate in a study”

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33
Q

A/B testing

A

“A way to compare two versions of something to find out which version performs better”

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34
Q

Addition rule (for mutually exclusive events)

A

“The concept that if the events A and B are mutually exclusive

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35
Q

Bayes’ rule

A

“(Refer to Bayes’ theorem)”

36
Q

Bayes’ theorem

A

“A math formula for stating that for any two events A and B

37
Q

Bayesian inference

A

“(Refer to Bayesian statistics)”

38
Q

Bayesian statistics

A

“A powerful method for analyzing and interpreting data in modern data analytics; Also referred to as Bayesian inference”

39
Q

Binomial distribution

A

“A discrete distribution that models the probability of events with only two possible outcomes: success or failure”

40
Q

Classical probability

A

“A type of probability based on formal reasoning about events with equally likely outcomes”

41
Q

Complement of an event

A

“In statistics

42
Q

Complement rule

A

“A concept stating that the probability that event A does not occur is one minus the probability of A”

43
Q

Conditional probability

A

“Refers to the probability of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred”

44
Q

Confidence interval

A

“A range of values that describes the uncertainty surrounding an estimate”

45
Q

Continuous random variable

A

“A variable that takes all the possible values in some range of numbers”

46
Q

Dependent events

A

“The concept that two events are dependent if one event changes the probability of the other event”

47
Q

Discrete random variable

A

“A variable that has a countable number of possible values”

48
Q

Econometrics

A

“A branch of economics that uses statistics to analyze economic problems”

49
Q

Empirical probability

A

“A type of probability based on experimental or historical data”

50
Q

Empirical rule

A

“A concept stating that the values on a normal curve are distributed in a regular pattern

51
Q

False positive

A

“A test result that indicates something is present when it really is not”

52
Q

Independent events

A

“The concept that two events are independent if the occurrence of one event does not change the probability of the other event”

53
Q

Inferential statistics

A

“A type of statistics that uses sample data to draw conclusions about a larger population”

54
Q

Interquartile range

A

“The distance between the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3)”

55
Q

Literacy rate

A

“The percentage of the population in a given age group that can read and write”

56
Q

Mean

A

“The average value in a dataset”

57
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

“A value that represents the center of a dataset”

58
Q

Measure of dispersion

A

“A value that represents the spread of a dataset

59
Q

Measure of position

A

“A method by which the position of a value in relation to other values in a dataset is determined”

60
Q

Median

A

“The middle value in a dataset”

61
Q

Mode

A

“The most frequently occurring value in a dataset”

62
Q

Multiplication rule (for independent events)

A

“The concept that if the events A and B are independent

63
Q

Mutually exclusive

A

“The concept that two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time”

64
Q

Normal distribution

A

“A continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean and bell-shaped”

65
Q

Objective probability

A

“A type of probability based on statistics

66
Q

Parameter

A

“A characteristic of a population”

67
Q

Percentile

A

“The value below which a percentage of data falls”

68
Q

Poisson distribution

A

“A probability distribution that models the probability that a certain number of events will occur during a specific time period”

69
Q

Posterior probability

A

“Refers to the updated probability of an event based on new data”

70
Q

Prior probability

A

“Refers to the probability of an event before new data is collected”

71
Q

Probability

A

“The branch of mathematics that deals with measuring and quantifying uncertainty”

72
Q

Probability distribution

A

“A function that describes the likelihood of the possible outcomes of a random event”

73
Q

Quartile

A

“A value that divides a dataset into four equal parts”

74
Q

Random experiment

A

“A process whose outcome cannot be predicted with certainty”

75
Q

Random variable

A

“A variable that represents the values for the possible outcomes of a random event”

76
Q

Range

A

“The difference between the largest and smallest value in a dataset”

77
Q

Sample space

A

“The set of all possible values for a random variable”

78
Q

Standard deviation

A

“A statistic that calculates the typical distance of a data point from the mean of a dataset”

79
Q

Standardization

A

“The process of putting different variables on the same scale”

80
Q

Statistic

A

“A characteristic of a sample”

81
Q

Statistical significance

A

“The claim that the results of a test or experiment are not explainable by chance alone”

82
Q

Statistics

A

“The study of the collection

83
Q

Subjective probability

A

“A type of probability based on personal feelings

84
Q

Summary statistics

A

“A method that summarizes data using a single number”

85
Q

Variance

A

“The average of the squared difference of each data point from the mean”

86
Q

Z-score

A

“A measure of how many standard deviations below or above the population mean a data point is”

Data Analysis (2 decks)

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