Untitled Deck

Question 1

Polysomnography

Answer 1

Comprehensive sleep study using multiple physiological measures.

Question 2

Pyramidal cells

Answer 2

Neurons generating EEG signals via dendritic summation.

Question 3

EEG signal

Answer 3

Electrical activity reflecting synchronized neural activity.

Question 4

Delta rhythms

Answer 4

EEG < 4 Hz; associated with deep sleep.

Question 5

Alpha rhythms

Answer 5

EEG 4-8 Hz; linked to drowsiness and light sleep.

Question 6

Beta rhythms

Answer 6

EEG 12-15 Hz; indicates active wakefulness and focus.

Question 7

REM sleep

Answer 7

Active brain, paralyzed body, vivid dreams occur.

Question 8

Non-REM sleep

Answer 8

Idling brain, three stages with decreasing activity.

Question 9

Sleep cycle

Answer 9

90-minute sequence of NREM and REM stages.

Question 10

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 10

Dreams synthesized from activated cortical memories.

Question 11

Orexin

Answer 11

Hypothalamic neurotransmitter promoting wakefulness and alertness.

Question 12

Melatonin

Answer 12

Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles, released at night.

Question 13

Adenosine

Answer 13

Sleep-promoting substance, levels rise during wakefulness.

Question 14

Circadian rhythms

Answer 14

Biological cycles lasting approximately 24 hours.

Question 15

Zeitgebers

Answer 15

Environmental cues that synchronize circadian rhythms.

Question 16

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 16

Brain region regulating circadian rhythms via light input.

Question 17

Memory

Answer 17

Retention of learned information over time.

Question 18

Learning

Answer 18

Acquisition of new knowledge or skills.

Question 19

Sensory memory

Answer 19

Initial brief storage of sensory information.

Question 20

Declarative memory

Answer 20

Conscious recall of facts and events.

Question 21

Non-declarative memory

Answer 21

Unconscious recall, includes procedural skills.

Question 22

Amnesia

Answer 22

Serious loss of memory due to injury or disease.

Question 23

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

Inability to learn new information post-injury.

Question 24

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

Loss of memories prior to injury event.

Question 25

Associative learning

Answer 25

Behavior change through associations between events.

Question 26

Non-associative learning

Answer 26

Behavioral response change due to stimulus repetition.

Question 27

Habituation

Answer 27

Diminished response to repeated non-threatening stimuli.

Question 28

Sensitization

Answer 28

Increased response to stimuli after intense exposure.

Question 29

Classical conditioning

Answer 29

Associating neutral stimulus with automatic response.

Question 30

Operant conditioning

Answer 30

Learning behavior through reinforcement or punishment.

Question 31

Cerebellum

Answer 31

Brain region essential for classical conditioning.

Question 32

Habits

Answer 32

Learned behaviors reinforced through repetition.

Question 33

Striatum

Answer 33

Brain region crucial for habit learning; damage impairs performance.

Question 34

Engram

Answer 34

Physical representation of a learned experience in the brain.

Question 35

Cell Assembly

Answer 35

Connected neurons activated by external stimuli, forming engrams.

Question 36

Hippocampus

Answer 36

Brain region involved in memory formation and navigation.

Question 37

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 37

Inability to acquire new knowledge post-surgery.

Question 38

Place Cells

Answer 38

Hippocampal neurons firing based on specific locations.

Question 39

Grid Cells

Answer 39

Entorhinal cortex neurons firing for multiple locations.

Question 40

Cognitive Map Theory

Answer 40

Hippocampus forms mental maps of the environment.

Question 41

Memory Consolidation

Answer 41

Process of strengthening synapses for memory retrieval.

Question 42

Synaptic Consolidation

Answer 42

Engram formed through synaptic changes and growth.

Question 43

Systems Consolidation

Answer 43

Engram involves various brain regions over time.

Question 44

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 44

Characterized by inappropriate fear responses.

Question 45

Panic Disorder

Answer 45

Repeated panic attacks without apparent triggers.

Question 46

Agoraphobia

Answer 46

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult.

Question 47

PTSD

Answer 47

Long-term effects of traumatic experiences.

Question 48

Amygdala

Answer 48

Brain region with elevated activity in anxiety disorders.

Question 49

Anxiolytic Drugs

Answer 49

Medications that reduce anxiety by enhancing GABA.

Question 50

Affective Disorders

Answer 50

Disorders primarily affecting mood and emotion.

Question 51

Major Depression

Answer 51

Persistent low mood and anhedonia lasting over two weeks.

Question 52

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 52

Characterized by episodes of mania and depression.

Question 53

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Answer 53

Depression linked to seasonal changes in light.

Question 54

Monoamines

Answer 54

Neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline.

Question 55

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Answer 55

Induction of seizures for rapid depression relief.

Question 56

Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis

Answer 56

Mood disorders arise from genetic predisposition and stress.

Question 57

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 57

Active in major depression; disrupts current may relieve symptoms.

Question 58

Lithium

Answer 58

Treats mood disorders by altering neuronal processes.

Question 59

Schizophrenia

Answer 59

Loss of reality contact, affecting thought and perception.

Question 60

Positive Symptoms

Answer 60

Abnormal thoughts and behaviors in schizophrenia.

Question 61

Negative Symptoms

Answer 61

Lack of speech and social withdrawal in schizophrenia.

Question 62

Neuroleptic Drugs

Answer 62

Medications treating psychosis by blocking dopamine receptors.

Question 63

Dopamine Hypothesis

Answer 63

Schizophrenia linked to abnormal dopaminergic activity.

Question 64

Glutamate Hypothesis

Answer 64

Schizophrenia linked to reduced glutamate receptor activation.

Question 65

Heritability of Mental Illnesses

Answer 65

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are highly heritable.

Question 66

Common Mental Illnesses

Answer 66

Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent.