Untitled Deck

Question 1

What are symbiotic relationships?

Answer 1

Symbiotic relationships are associations between two species.

Question 2

What is mutualism?

Answer 2

Mutualism occurs when two species benefit from each other.

Example: Our microbiome.

Question 3

What is a microbiome?

Answer 3

A microbiome is all the microorganisms associated with a certain species.

Question 4

What are normal flora?

Answer 4

Normal flora (resident microbiota) are microorganisms that constantly live in/on our bodies.

Examples of locations can include the skin, mouth, large intestine, etc.

Question 5

What are transient flora?

Answer 5

Transient flora (transient microbiota) are microorganisms that temporarily found in/on our bodies.

Question 6

How can normal flora be beneficial?

Answer 6

Normal flora can produce vitamins, occupy sites to prevent pathogen attachment, and compete for nutrients.

Question 7

What is competitive inhibition?

Answer 7

Competitive inhibition is when normal flora occupies all available sites, preventing pathogen attachment.

Question 8

What is commensalism?

Answer 8

Commensalism occurs when one partner benefits while the other is unaffected.

Question 9

What is parasitism?

Answer 9

Parasitism occurs when one partner benefits at the expense of the other partner.

Question 10

What is a primary infection?

Answer 10

A primary infection occurs in a host with a healthy resident microbiota or immune system.

Example: Norovirus.

Question 11

What is a secondary infection?

Answer 11

A secondary or opportunistic infection occurs in situations that have already compromised the host’s defenses.

Question 12

What is a communicable infectious disease?

Answer 12

A communicable infectious disease is capable of being spread from person to person.

Question 13

What is a contagious disease?

Answer 13

A contagious disease is easily spread from person to person.

Example: Measles.

Question 14

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 14

A zoonotic disease is transmitted from non-human hosts to humans.

Example: Malaria, rabies.

Question 15

What is a non-communicable infectious disease?

Answer 15

A non-communicable infectious disease is not spread from one person to another.

Example: Tetanus, acne.

Question 16

What is a sign in disease classification?

Answer 16

A sign is an objective and measurable deviation from normal structure or functioning of the host.

Examples: Blood pressure, rash, temperature, heart rate.

Question 17

What is a symptom?

Answer 17

A symptom is a subjective deviation from normal functioning of the host, felt or experienced by the patient.

Examples: Pain, dizziness, nausea, fatigue.

Question 18

What is a syndrome?

Answer 18

A syndrome is a group of signs or symptoms characteristic of a particular disease.

Example: Toxic shock syndrome.

Question 19

What does asymptomatic/subclinical mean?

Answer 19

Asymptomatic/subclinical refers to a disease with no noticeable signs or symptoms.

Question 20

What is an acute disease?

Answer 20

An acute disease is one where pathogenic changes occur over a relatively short time with full recovery.

Example: Flu.

Question 21

What is a chronic disease?

Answer 21

A chronic disease is where pathogenic changes occur over longer time spans (months to years), with continued replication of the causative pathogen.

Question 22

What is a latent disease?

Answer 22

A latent disease is where the causative pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication.

Example: Herpes simplex virus.

Question 23

What is morbidity?

Answer 23

Morbidity measures the number of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time.

Question 24

What is prevalence?

Answer 24

Prevalence is the percentage or number of individuals with a disease at a specific time.

Example: Currently 100 people have the disease.

Question 25

What is incidence?

Answer 25

Incidence measures the number of new cases in a period of time.

Question 26

What is mortality?

Answer 26

Mortality is the percentage or number of individuals that have died from a disease.

Question 27

What is a sporadic disease?

Answer 27

A sporadic disease is one seen only occasionally and usually without geographic concentration. ## Footnote Example: Tetanus.

Question 28

What is an endemic disease?

Answer 28

An endemic disease is one that is constantly present within a particular geographic region. ## Footnote Example: Common cold or rabies-endemic countries.

Question 29

What is an epidemic disease?

Answer 29

An epidemic disease is where a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region. ## Footnote Example: Influenza.

Question 30

What is a pandemic disease?

Answer 30

A pandemic disease is an epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale. ## Footnote Example: H1N1, HIV.

Question 31

What is the incubation period?

Answer 31

The incubation period occurs after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host.

Question 32

What is the prodromal period?

Answer 32

The prodromal period is when the patient feels general signs and symptoms of the illness.

Question 33

What is the period of illness?

Answer 33

The period of illness is when signs and symptoms are the most severe.

Question 34

What is the period of decline?

Answer 34

The period of decline is when signs and symptoms begin to decrease.

Question 35

What is the period of convalescence?

Answer 35

The period of convalescence is the recovery phase, where the patient generally returns to normal functioning.

Question 36

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 36

Pathogenicity is the ability of a microbial agent to cause disease.

Question 37

What is virulence?

Answer 37

Virulence is the degree to which an organism can cause disease.

Question 38

What is infectious dose (ID50)?

Answer 38

Infectious dose (ID50) quantifies the number of pathogenic cells or virions to cause an active infection in 50% of inoculated animals.

Question 39

What is etiology?

Answer 39

Etiology is the cause of disease, typically the causative organism.

Question 40

What are Koch's postulates?

Answer 40

Koch's postulates are criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Question 41

What is a carrier?

Answer 41

A carrier is an individual that can be colonized with pathogens but does not present any signs/symptoms of the disease.

Question 42

What are reservoirs of infection?

Answer 42

A reservoir is a living organism or nonliving site that allows pathogens to replicate and survive over long periods of time.

Question 43

What are the methods of transmission?

Answer 43

Transmission methods include contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission.

Question 44

What is direct contact transmission?

Answer 44

Direct contact transmission involves actions such as kissing, touching, or droplet sprays.

Question 45

What is indirect contact transmission?

Answer 45

Indirect contact transmission involves the use of inanimate objects called fomites that become contaminated.

Question 46

What is vehicle transmission?

Answer 46

Vehicle transmission is the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as food or water.

Question 47

What is airborne transmission?

Answer 47

Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens travel long distances through aerosols.

Question 48

What is vector transmission?

Answer 48

Vector transmission occurs when an animal carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected.

Question 49

What is a mechanical vector?

Answer 49

A mechanical vector carries the pathogen without reproducing it.

Question 50

What is a biological vector?

Answer 50

A biological vector reproduces the pathogen within itself before transmitting it.

Question 51

What are the portals of entry?

Answer 51

Portals of entry include skin, mucous membranes, and parenteral routes.

Question 52

What is a portal of exit?

Answer 52

A portal of exit is how pathogens typically exit the body, often the same way they entered.