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Bio2041 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What are symbiotic relationships?

A

Symbiotic relationships are associations between two species.

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2
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Mutualism occurs when two species benefit from each other.

Example: Our microbiome.

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3
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

A microbiome is all the microorganisms associated with a certain species.

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4
Q

What are normal flora?

A

Normal flora (resident microbiota) are microorganisms that constantly live in/on our bodies.

Examples of locations can include the skin, mouth, large intestine, etc.

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5
Q

What are transient flora?

A

Transient flora (transient microbiota) are microorganisms that temporarily found in/on our bodies.

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6
Q

How can normal flora be beneficial?

A

Normal flora can produce vitamins, occupy sites to prevent pathogen attachment, and compete for nutrients.

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7
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition is when normal flora occupies all available sites, preventing pathogen attachment.

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8
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Commensalism occurs when one partner benefits while the other is unaffected.

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9
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasitism occurs when one partner benefits at the expense of the other partner.

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10
Q

What is a primary infection?

A

A primary infection occurs in a host with a healthy resident microbiota or immune system.

Example: Norovirus.

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11
Q

What is a secondary infection?

A

A secondary or opportunistic infection occurs in situations that have already compromised the host’s defenses.

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12
Q

What is a communicable infectious disease?

A

A communicable infectious disease is capable of being spread from person to person.

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13
Q

What is a contagious disease?

A

A contagious disease is easily spread from person to person.

Example: Measles.

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14
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A zoonotic disease is transmitted from non-human hosts to humans.

Example: Malaria, rabies.

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15
Q

What is a non-communicable infectious disease?

A

A non-communicable infectious disease is not spread from one person to another.

Example: Tetanus, acne.

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16
Q

What is a sign in disease classification?

A

A sign is an objective and measurable deviation from normal structure or functioning of the host.

Examples: Blood pressure, rash, temperature, heart rate.

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17
Q

What is a symptom?

A

A symptom is a subjective deviation from normal functioning of the host, felt or experienced by the patient.

Examples: Pain, dizziness, nausea, fatigue.

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18
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A syndrome is a group of signs or symptoms characteristic of a particular disease.

Example: Toxic shock syndrome.

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19
Q

What does asymptomatic/subclinical mean?

A

Asymptomatic/subclinical refers to a disease with no noticeable signs or symptoms.

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20
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

An acute disease is one where pathogenic changes occur over a relatively short time with full recovery.

Example: Flu.

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21
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

A chronic disease is where pathogenic changes occur over longer time spans (months to years), with continued replication of the causative pathogen.

22
Q

What is a latent disease?

A

A latent disease is where the causative pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication.

Example: Herpes simplex virus.

23
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Morbidity measures the number of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time.

24
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Prevalence is the percentage or number of individuals with a disease at a specific time.

Example: Currently 100 people have the disease.

25
Q

What is incidence?

A

Incidence measures the number of new cases in a period of time.

26
Q

What is mortality?

A

Mortality is the percentage or number of individuals that have died from a disease.

27
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

A sporadic disease is one seen only occasionally and usually without geographic concentration.

Example: Tetanus.

28
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

An endemic disease is one that is constantly present within a particular geographic region.

Example: Common cold or rabies-endemic countries.

29
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

An epidemic disease is where a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region.

Example: Influenza.

30
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

A pandemic disease is an epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale.

Example: H1N1, HIV.

31
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The incubation period occurs after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host.

32
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

The prodromal period is when the patient feels general signs and symptoms of the illness.

33
Q

What is the period of illness?

A

The period of illness is when signs and symptoms are the most severe.

34
Q

What is the period of decline?

A

The period of decline is when signs and symptoms begin to decrease.

35
Q

What is the period of convalescence?

A

The period of convalescence is the recovery phase, where the patient generally returns to normal functioning.

36
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Pathogenicity is the ability of a microbial agent to cause disease.

37
Q

What is virulence?

A

Virulence is the degree to which an organism can cause disease.

38
Q

What is infectious dose (ID50)?

A

Infectious dose (ID50) quantifies the number of pathogenic cells or virions to cause an active infection in 50% of inoculated animals.

39
Q

What is etiology?

A

Etiology is the cause of disease, typically the causative organism.

40
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Koch’s postulates are criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

41
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A carrier is an individual that can be colonized with pathogens but does not present any signs/symptoms of the disease.

42
Q

What are reservoirs of infection?

A

A reservoir is a living organism or nonliving site that allows pathogens to replicate and survive over long periods of time.

43
Q

What are the methods of transmission?

A

Transmission methods include contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission.

44
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Direct contact transmission involves actions such as kissing, touching, or droplet sprays.

45
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

Indirect contact transmission involves the use of inanimate objects called fomites that become contaminated.

46
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Vehicle transmission is the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as food or water.

47
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens travel long distances through aerosols.

48
Q

What is vector transmission?

A

Vector transmission occurs when an animal carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected.

49
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

A mechanical vector carries the pathogen without reproducing it.

50
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

A biological vector reproduces the pathogen within itself before transmitting it.

51
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A

Portals of entry include skin, mucous membranes, and parenteral routes.

52
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A

A portal of exit is how pathogens typically exit the body, often the same way they entered.

Bio2041 (2 decks)

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