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CSD 724 module 2 exam > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Computed axial tomography (CAT or CT)

A

Fast neuroimaging using X-rays, with less soft tissue detail

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2
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Slow imaging using magnetic fields/radio waves without radiation for high-resolution soft tissue images

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3
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow

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4
Q

Positron emission (computed) tomography (PECT, or PET)

A

Imaging that uses radioactive tracers for metabolic activity

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5
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Similar to PET, but uses gamma rays and is cheaper

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6
Q

Cerebral angiography (Arteriography)

A

X-ray imaging of blood vessels, invasive with contrast dye

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7
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Non-invasive blood vessel imaging using magnetic fields

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8
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp

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9
Q

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

A

Recording of electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed directly on the surface of brain

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10
Q

What are the ways of defining age?

A
  • chronological
  • biological
  • cognitive
  • psychological
  • social
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11
Q

Chronological age

A

how long a person has lived since birth

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12
Q

Biological age

A

how one’s bodily organs function over time

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13
Q

Cognitive age

A

how one’s cognitive abilities change over time

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14
Q

Psychological age

A

how one’s personality changes over time

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15
Q

Social age

A

How social roles and the environment evolve with age

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16
Q

Aging is a ___________ process

A

ongoing

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17
Q

What are key theories about aging that are especially relevant to cognition and communication?

A

• Biopsychosocial models of aging
• The life-span model of postformal cognitive development
• Motivational theory of life-span development

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18
Q

Biopsychosocial models of aging

A

Biological, psychological, sociological factors that influence aging

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19
Q

Life-span model of postformal cognitive development

A

7 stages helping clinicians consider changes in communication abilities and needs with age due to changes in body structure/function and evolving life priorities

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20
Q

Motivational theory of life-span development

A

Focuses on highly individualized abilities

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21
Q

Aging well is influenced by:

A

culture, physical body structure, life participation, and environmental influences

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22
Q

What are normal changes in the brain as people age?

A
  • Neuron shrinkage/reduced dendritic branching
  • Atrophy (loss of tissue)
  • Reduction in neurotransmitters
  • Decreased white matter (especially on the frontal lobes)
  • Accumulation of amyloid beta or amyloid plaques (abnormal proteins) without neurofibrillary tangles
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23
Q

Atrophy during aging occurs typically in what regions of the brain?

A

primarily in the frontal lobes and hippocampus

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24
Q

Positive aspects of the aging brain

A

richness of life experiences, wisdom, and less stressed/more adaptable

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25
Q

What theories have been proposed to account for cognitive-linguistic changes with aging?

A
  • Resource capacity theories
  • Speed of processing theories
  • Inhibition theories
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26
Q

Resource capacity theories

A

reduction in cognitive capacity, not the ability to accomplish individual simple tasks. (working memory, context processing deficiency, signal degradation, transmission deficit)

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27
Q

Speed of processing theories

A

Cognitive processing slows as we age

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28
Q

Inhibition theories

A

inhibiting irrelevant info and focusing on particular tasks in the face of multiple stimuli

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29
Q

What can be done to ensure the best preservation of language abilities as people age?

A

Maintenance of overall physical, mental, and emotional health throughout the lifespan

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30
Q

Two major factors related to delayed onset of cognitive deficits:

A
  • higher education levels
  • average or above average SES
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31
Q

Primary auditory cortex (path of language in the brain)

A

perceives/translates phrase into neural code Wernicke’s understands, Wernicke’s extracts meaning, codes phrase in a form Broca’s can work with and send to arcuate fasciculus

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32
Q

Broca (path of language in the brain)

A

recodes phrase to artic plan, sends to primary motor cortex, down pyramidal fibers to cranial nerves, moves speech muscles

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33
Q

Wernicke’s area monitors ___________ and attempts _____________ if needed

A

output; correction

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34
Q

Angular gyrus

A

at the junction of temporal, parietal, and occipital. Important for reading and writing

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35
Q

Neologism

A

Non word substitutions for a target words

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36
Q

Circumlocution

A

Indirect, round-about language to describe word or concept

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37
Q

Conduit d’approche

A

Successive attempts at a target word, attempts approximate the target phonetically; final production may or may not be successful

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38
Q

Jargon

A

Fluent, prosodically correct output, resembling correct grammar but containing meaningless speech

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39
Q

Perseveration

A

Repetition of a previously used word or phrase that is no longer appropriate to the context

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40
Q

Phonemic paraphasia

A

Substitution, insertion, deletion, or transposition of phonemes (“able” for “apple”)

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41
Q

Semantic paraphasia

A

Substitutions of a real word for a target word, error may be related or unrelated to the target, error may not be self-corrected (“banana” for “apple”)

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42
Q

Stereotypy

A

Repetition of a syllable, word, or phrase frequently throughout the sample (same as perseveration)

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43
Q

Agrammatism

A

speech reduced in length and complexity; function words may be missing

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44
Q

Logorrhea

A

excessive and often incoherent wordiness

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45
Q

Anosognosia

A

lack of awareness of deficits

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46
Q

Emotional lability

A

tendency to fluctuate quickly and abruptly between distinct emotional states

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47
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear (go car)

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48
Q

Literal paraphasia

A

a sound substitution or rearrangement of sounds is made, but the stated word still resembles the intended word (“hosicle” for “hospital”)

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49
Q

Press of speech

A

Rapid, frenzied speech without pauses

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50
Q

Dynosmia

A

difficulty retrieving the correct word from memory when needed

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51
Q

Figure ground

A

The visual field is organized into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

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52
Q

Confabulation

A

the act of filling in memory gaps

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53
Q

Models of language processing

A

1) Wernicke-Geschwind Model
2) Dual Language pathways Model

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54
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia characteristics

A

neologisms; paraphasias (literal, semantic); logorrhea; press of speech; anosognosia; verb perseveration

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55
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia brain area

A

temporal lobe

56
Q

Broca’s aphasia characteristics

A

Agrammatism; telegraphic speech; dysnomia; circumlocutions; literal paraphasia; effortful speech; catastrophic reaction; emotional lability

57
Q

Broca’s aphasia brain area

A

frontal operculum

58
Q

Global aphasia characteristics

A

Stereotypy; a combination of expressive and receptive language deficits in all modalities.

59
Q

Global aphasia brain area

A

planum temporale

60
Q

Conduction aphasia characteristics

A

impaired repetition; conduit d’approche; literal paraphasia

61
Q

Conduction aphasia brain area

A

arcuate fasciculus

62
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia Characteristics

A

Similar to Wernicke’s (exception: intact repetition); echoing others’ words

63
Q

Transcortical sensory brain area

A

angular gyrus; posterior middle temporal gyrus

64
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia characteristics

A

Similar to Broca’s (exception: intact repetition)

65
Q

Transcortical motor brain area

A

anterior watershed area of left frontal lobe

66
Q

Mixed transcortical aphasia characteristics

A

Similar to Global aphasia (exception: intact repetition)

67
Q

Mixed transcortical brain area

A

multi-focal lesions in the frontal/temporal watershed regions

68
Q

The classic dichotomies of aphasia

A

receptive/fluent/posterior & expressive/non-fluent/anterior

69
Q

Why is PPA considered an aphasia?

A

because loss of previously acquired language abilities due to neurological cause

70
Q

What type of syndrome is PPA and does it display gradual or rapid onset of symptoms?

A

PPA is a neurodegenerative Dementia syndrome; gradual onset of symptoms

71
Q

Anomic aphasia

A

Word-finding difficulty; spared comprehension/syntactic production; circumlocutions; the use of generic terms; fillers

72
Q

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)

A

The ongoing loss of language abilities in the face of relatively preserved cognitive abilities

73
Q

What are the primary subtypes of PPA?

A

Non-fluent agrammatic, semantic variant, logopenic variant PPA

74
Q

Crossed aphasia

A

any form of aphasia that is due to damage to the right hemisphere instead of the left in a right-handed person

75
Q

Subcortical aphasia

A

any form of aphasia that is associated with a lesion below the cortex (insular lobe)

76
Q

The severity of challenges faced by TBI survivors ranges from what?

A
  • Barely noticeable symptoms
  • Complete loss of functional abilities in all activities of daily living
  • Coma
  • Vegetative state
77
Q

War related TBI’s

A

blast injuries

78
Q

SLPs working with TBI patients

A

Scope: knowledge/skills related to cognitive aspects of communication;
Interdisciplinary collaboration;
Assessment challenges: overlapping symptoms, differential diagnosis

79
Q

What is right hemisphere syndrome?

A

any combination of a constellation of symptoms associated with RH damage or RH TBI

80
Q

Where is the damage for RHS?

A

damage can be anywhere in the right hemisphere

81
Q

What neurological etiology may RHS be associated with?

A
  • Stroke
  • TBI
  • Tumors
  • Infectious processes
82
Q

How does RHS affect communication and life participation?

A

Categories of deficits that affect cognition and communication in some way, either direct or indirect

83
Q

What are RHS cognitive-linguistic impairments?

A

code-switching deficits, inattentiveness, interpreting facial expressions, tangential comments, dysprosody, confabulation

84
Q

What are special challenges that SLP’s face in serving people with RHS?

A
  • Underdiagnosis/lack of awareness
  • Diversity of symptoms
  • Understanding neuro structure-function relationships
  • Less research on RH compared to LH communicative functions
  • Characterizing what is “normal”
85
Q

What neurodegenerative conditions most commonly affect cognitive-linguistic abilities?

A
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
  • Dementia
  • Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
86
Q

Language problems in people with MCI and dementia are characterized as

A

cognitive-communicative impairments

87
Q

Language of generalized intellectual impairment

A

involves a loss of language abilities in individuals with MCI or dementia

88
Q

Dementia

A

language loss is secondary to the decline in cognitive abilities (slow progressive decline)

89
Q

Early signs of dementia

A

word finding problems, semantic confusions in word usage, errors or gaps in spoken recall of events

90
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

gradual onset impacting memory, attention, and executive functions

91
Q

Vascular dementia

A

caused by the lack of blood flow to the brain

92
Q

Dementia with Lewy bodies

A

confusion, variable states of awareness, memory loss, visual hallucinations, and neuromuscular problems

93
Q

Parkinson’s associated dementia

A

Co-occurs with Parkinson’s disease

94
Q

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)

A

expressive and receptive language deficits, discourse challenges, movement disorders, and personality and behavioral changes

95
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

poor language organization, confabulation, memory problems, dysnomia, irritability, and emotional lability

96
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

short and long-term memory deficits and confabulation typically caused by excessive alcohol use

97
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

A

rapid loss of cognitive and linguistic abilities, cortical and cerebellar coordination, and mood changes

98
Q

AIDS dementia complex

A

challenges with executive functions, pragmatic abilities, attention, and memory

99
Q

What are symptoms of nonfluent agrammatic PPA?

A
  • Difficulty understanding/producing syntax
  • Speech sound errors, omission of articles and function words
  • Often concomitant apraxia of speech
100
Q

What are symptoms of semantic variant PPA?

A
  • Word-finding and comprehension difficulties
  • Dysnomia
  • Loss of semantic knowledge
101
Q

What are symptoms of logopenic variant PPA?

A
  • Word finding difficulties (conversation)
  • Challenge of access, not semantic knowledge
  • Frequent speech sound and spelling errors
102
Q

Is there such a thing as “reversible” dementia?

A

By definition, dementia is progressive and gets worse over time

103
Q

Dementia-like symptoms may be noted despite the absence of true dementia because of things such as…

A

depression, dietary imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, drug effects, drug interactions, post-surgical states

104
Q

What is the role of an SLP in working with people who have PPA and dementia?

A
  • assessment of communication strengths and weaknesses
  • training and counseling
  • documentation and research
  • advocacy
  • intervention
105
Q

Triggers of a stroke

A

excessive alcohol, infection, excessive eating, pos/neg emotions, sudden changes in posture, special events, drug use, physical excretion

106
Q

Tangential speech

A

communication disorder in which the train of thought of the speaker wanders and shows lack of focus, never returning to the initial topic of the conversation

107
Q

Idioms

A

An expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words (raining cats and dogs)

108
Q

Hyper affectivity

A

exaggerated or heightened emotional response or expression, where an individual may experience emotions more intensely than considered typical for a situation

109
Q

Aprosodia

A

flat emotionless speech

110
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

111
Q

Amusia

A

loss or impairment of musical abilities (pitch, rhythm, melody; “tone deafness”)

112
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

113
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to recall old memories

114
Q

What does differential diagnosis involve?

A

systematically comparing potential diagnoses based on patient’s presentation, medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests

115
Q

50% of cognitive therapy is _______2 words_______ and 50% is _________3 words________

A

compensatory strategies; changing the brain

116
Q

Rancho Los Amigos Scale

A

commonly used tool for assessing cognitive and behavioral functioning as a person recovers from brain injury (10 levels; lower more severe)

117
Q

Name 3 different cognitive linguistic impairments experienced by people with TBI

A

word finding, abstract language, verbal reasoning

118
Q

What are 2 types of behavior dysfunction experienced by people with TBI?

A

hyperactivity and impulsivity/disinhibited

119
Q

Other than TBI, what are 2 other acquired brain injuries that can cause cognitive linguistic impairments?

A

post concussion syndrome and anoxia

120
Q

What is cognitive organization?

A

attention, discrimination, organization, memory (A diligent owl masters)

121
Q

What is executive functioning?

A

mental processes that help apply cognitive skills to a variety of tasks (planning, organization, attention, discrimination)

122
Q

CTE and diagnosis

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy can only be confirmed through autopsy

123
Q

Primary focus of treatment for RHS

A

improving awareness, attention, abstract reasoning, left attention, and pragmatics

124
Q

MCI vs dementia

A

MCI: can be a sign of disease that can eventually cause dementia; Dementia: umbrella term

125
Q

Anoxia

A

lack of oxygen

126
Q

Briefly describe 3 communication deficits one might have with RHS

A

flat affect, poor prosody, and word finding deficits

127
Q

A deficit in formulating and expressing correct syntax in a patient who with aphasia is termed:

A

agrammatism

128
Q

Explain what specific communication characteristics occur with normal aging vs dementia and give examples

A

slowed processing, occasional word finding deficits, and some short term memory issues

129
Q

Your client has a medical diagnosis of left CVA due to damage to the main branch of the MCA. Explain the importance of the left MCA to language function and state what type of aphasia you would expect from major damage to the left MCA.

A

The left middle cerebral artery innervates the major language zones. Damage could result in Global Aphasia.

130
Q

Describe at least one type of aphasia that results from damage to one of the main association fiber bundles, the arcuate fasciculus.

A

Conduction aphasia

131
Q

Explain neurologically why a person with Broca’s aphasia may experience concomitant motor speech deficits in comparison to a person with Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Damage to Broca’s area is close to the motor strip

132
Q

What type of aphasia results from major damage to the left MCA?

A

Global Aphasia

133
Q

What type of aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Conduction aphasia

134
Q

Why may a person with Broca’s aphasia experience motor speech deficits?

A

Damage to Broca’s area is close to the motor strip and can also impact motor speech neurons

135
Q

What does PPA begin with a decline in?

A

Language

136
Q

Why are communication deficits of TBI and Dementia not typically referred to as Aphasia?

A

In TBI and Dementia, cognition disruptions can lead to communication disruptions (cog-communication disorders). In Aphasia, disruptions in communication come first to any possible disruptions in cognition.

CSD 724 module 2 exam (1 decks)

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